【Objective】To explore the risk factors for mortality of bloodstream infections in the patients with hematologic diseases，so as to provide evidence for reasonable and effective application of treatments.【Methods】The clinical data of 242 cases of bloodstream infections who were hospitalized from Jan 2012 to Jun 2016 were analyzed retrospectively，then the analysis was performed for risk factors. The statistical analysis was processed by SPSS 19.0.【Results】A total of 266 strains of pathogens were isolated，including 99 strains of gram-positive bacteria，accounting for 37.2%，and 164 strains of gram-negative bacteria，account? ing for 61.7%. Multivariate analysis showed that the significant independent risk factors for mortality were active states of hematologic diseases（P = 0.007，OR = 5.622，95% CI 1.586 ~ 19.924），presentation with septic shock（P = 0.007，OR = 4.978，95% CI 1.560 ~ 15.884），cardiac insufficiency（P = 0.001，OR = 11.878，95% CI 2.760 ~ 51.120），level of albumin less than 35 g/L（P = 0.036， OR = 3.468，95% CI 1.087 ~ 11.066），polymicrobial infection（P = 0.010，OR = 6.024，95% CI 1.540 ~ 23.563），and Staphylococ? cus haemolyticus（P = 0.001，OR = 19.308，95% CI 3.392 ~ 109.888）/Enterococcus（P = 0.002，OR = 15.266，95% CI 2.817 ~ 82.728）infection. The survival curves show that the inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy group or presentation with any one of the independent risk factors had a lower probability of survival than the control group.【Conclusions】Bloodstream infections in pa?tients may cause high mortality rate，so it is necessary that we use antibiotic reasonably and spare no effort to reduce the mortality rate by appropriate application of antimicrobial therapy and effective intervention of the risk factors.