【Objective】To investigate the effects of CSF-1 transport from dorsal root ganglion to spinal cord on activation of microglia in rats with neuropathic pain induced by vincristine.【Methods】A total of 54 male 10-12-week old SD rats with successful intrathecal catheterization ，weighing 200-230 g，were divided into three groups according to the random number table method（n=18）：Control group（Control），Chemotherapy-induced Neuropathic Pain+intrathecal injection of IgG group （CINP），Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain+intrathecal injection of CSF- 1 neutralizing antibody（CINP+anti）. The animal model of CINP was established by intraperitoneal injection of vincristine 125 μg/kg on four alternate days. Mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia were evaluated by MWT and TWL，respectively. The expression of CSF- 1 and microglial marker Iba1 were detected by immunofluorescence chemistry and Western blotting. The mRNA expression of CSF-1 and Iba1 was measured by RT-PCR. The expression TNF- α，IL-6 and IL-1β were determined by ELISA.【Results】Compared with Control group，MWT and TWL in CINP group decreased significantly on the 3rd，5th and 7th day after the first injection of vincristine（P<0.01），MWT and TWL in CINP+anti group increased significantly on the 5th and 7th day compared with CINP group（P<0.01）. Compared with Control group，the protein and mRNA expression of CSF-1 in DRG，the mRNA expression of Iba1 in spinal cord，the protein expression of CSF-1 and Iba1 in spinal cord，the immunofluorescence intensity of CSF- 1 in DRG and Iba1 in spinal cord ，and the expression of TNF- α，IL-6 and IL-1β in spinal cord were significantly up-regulated in CINP group（P<0.01，P<0.001）. Compared with CINP group，the protein expression of CSF-1 in DRG and spinal cord，the protein and mRNA expression of Iba1 in spinal cord，the immunofluorescence intensity of spinal Iba1 and CSF- 1 in DRG，and the expression of TNF- α，IL-6 and IL-1β were obviously downregulated in CINP+anti group（P<0.05，P<0.01，P<0.001）.【Conclusion】The transport of CSF- 1 from dorsal root ganglion to spinal cord is involved in the process of neuropathic pain induced by vincristine， and its mechanism may be related to the activation of microglia and inflammatory reaction in rat spinal cord.