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Clinical Research | Updated:2024-02-19
    • Changes of Macular Microcirculation After Near Work in Myopic Patients

    • ZHANG Ru-ting

      ,  

      TENG Yue

      ,  

      LI Jun-hui

      ,  

      LIAN Li-hua

      ,  
    • Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences)   Vol. 44, Issue 4, Pages: 684-690(2023)
    • DOI:10.13471/j.cnki.j.sun.yat-sen.univ(med.sci).2023.0419    

      CLC: R771
    • Published:20 July 2023

      Received:29 August 2022

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  • ZHANG Ru-ting,TENG Yue,LI Jun-hui,et al.Changes of Macular Microcirculation After Near Work in Myopic Patients[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences),2023,44(04):684-690. DOI: 10.13471/j.cnki.j.sun.yat-sen.univ(med.sci).2023.0419.

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    Abstract

    Objective

    To compare the changes of retinal microcirculation indexes in the anterior and posterior macular areas of the eyes used at close range and to explore the possible causes of myopia affected by near work.

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    Methods

    Watching mobile phone video for 1 hour at close range was used as the method of defining near work. The OCTA technology was used to measure the superficial retinal microcirculation indexes within 6 by 6 mm macular area before and after near work, including the superficial retinal VLD from the nerve fiber layer to the inner boundary of the outer plexiform layer, the VPD, nonperfusion area of FAZ, FAZ-P and FAZ circulation,. The FAZ was divided int center, inner layer, outer layer and overall according to the region, and 11 microcirculation indexes were obtained to compare the differences between before and after near work.

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    Results

    The indexes of superficial retinal microcirculation in the macular area generally decreased after near work, except for FAZ-A and FAZ-P(P = 0.148, 0.975). The largest differences among both VLD and VPD occurred between the central and inner layer(Difference = 1.00, 0.80, 0.02, 0.02,P = 0.001, 0.008, 0.001, 0.008). No differences in microcirculation indexs were observed in the macular area after near work with different diopters and axial lengths.

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    Conclusion

    Near work may affect the occurrence and development of myopia by affecting the changes of retinal microcirculation in the superficial layer of macula, leading to ischemia and hypoxia.

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    Keywords

    near work; microcirculation in macular area; myopia

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    近视是目前常见的屈光不正,全球约14.5亿人患有近视,发病率高达22%,而预计到2050年,全球的患病率将增加到49.8%

    1-2。随着近视的增加,尤其是高度近视,引起黄斑变性、视网膜脱离等并发症的风险也会随之增加,导致不可逆的视力损伤,甚至是失明,因此近视已经成为一个国际公共卫生问题,并造成了巨大的全球经济负担3。我国近视的发生呈现高发、低龄化的趋势,故儿童青少年近视的防控已经成为亟待解决的重大问题。目前,近视的发病机制尚无统一的认识,近年来的大量研究表明近视程度、眼轴与黄斑区浅层血流密度存在负相关4-5,随着近视的增加,黄斑区脉络膜厚度出现不同程度的变薄6。越来越多的研究显示,近距离用眼与近视之间存在联系7,作为目前最主要的近距离用眼方式,智能手机的使用与近视之间存在显著正相关8。目前关于近距离用眼如何影响近视的发生与发展,学术界尚无统一的认识,本研究通过对近距离用眼前后黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环的变化,旨在揭示近视发生发展的可能成因,为近视的防控提供一定的参考依据。
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    1 材料与方法

    1.1 临床资料

    选取2021年4月-2021年6月在广州中医药大学第一附属医院屈光门诊就诊的18~30岁青年近视患者,共收集61例61眼。纳入标准:①经医学验光确诊为屈光不正;②矫正视力≥1.0;③眼压为10 ~ 21 mmHg;④能够理解及配合检查。排除标准:①眼底出现明显的脉络膜萎缩、脉络膜新生血管、漆裂纹等病理性近视者;②高血压、糖尿病及心脑血管等严重的先天性疾病;③斜视、弱视等视觉功能障碍;④伴有白内障、青光眼等先天性眼部疾患;⑤屈光间质混浊影响检查;⑥无法理解检查,配合欠佳,结果不可信;⑦怀孕或计划在未来3个月内怀孕者;⑧参与其他临床试验者。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准,伦理审批号为NO.K[2021]001,征得患者知情同意,并签署知情同意书。

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    1.2 验光方法

    所有患者均采用综合验光仪验光(NIDEK RT-5 100),由同一名验光师完成。先使用电脑验光仪(TOPCON KR-800)得出客观验光度数,将度数输入综合验光仪,先右眼后左眼进行主觉验光,验光步骤如下:初步MPMVA,交叉圆柱镜验证散光,再次MPMVA,双眼平衡,双眼MPMVA。

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    1.3 黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环指标测量方法

    采用光学相干断层扫描血管成像(optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA)技术,由同一名技师完成。用蔡司光学相干断层扫描仪Cirrus HD-OCT5 000进行测量,检查时间统一为下午3:00~5:00之间,在自然瞳孔下完成。患者取自然体位,调整好位置,选择Angiography 6 mm × 6 mm扫描模式,开启测量模式,先测量右眼后测量左眼,并将数据导入FORUM系统,基于OMAG技术的AngioPlexTM软件会自动将黄斑区6 mm范围内视网膜划分为以黄斑中心凹为中心的3个同心圆,分别是直径为1 mm的中心区,1 ~ 3 mm的内层,3 ~ 6 mm的外层,记录内层、外层、中心区及6 mm范围内整体的浅层(神经纤维层至外丛状层内界)视网膜血管长度密度(vascular length density,VLD)、血管灌注密度(vascular perfusion density,VPD)及黄斑中心凹无灌注区(foveal avascular zone,FAZ)的面积(FAZ area,FAZ-A)、周长(FAZ perimeter,FAZ-P)、形态指数(FAZ circularity,FAZ-CI),共11项微循环指标。

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    1.4 近距离用眼方法

    采用观看手机视频的方式,由同一名医师监测全过程,时间统一为下午3:00~5:00之间,观看环境舒适,灯光柔和,不宜太亮或太暗。患者取坐位,保持舒适的体位,手机放置与地面垂直,屏幕中心低于眼睛注视水平15°,注视角度比水平线低15°;手机选用屏幕为5.5英寸的iphone 6s plus;视频的内容由观看者自行挑选感兴趣的内容,保证全程无注意力分散的情况出现,视频为横屏播放;观看的距离始终保证在30 cm;观看时间为连续1 h。

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    1.5 研究方法

    综合验光仪验光获取准确的屈光度,行OCTA检查,获取用眼前的黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环指标,根据验光结果佩戴合适的框架眼镜,近距离观看手机视频1 h后再次行OCTA检查,获取用眼后的黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环指标,将用眼前后的OCTA数据进行对比,观察其差异性。双眼数据的处理:等效球镜不一致,选取近视度数较高的一眼作为研究对象;等效球镜一致,选择主视眼作为研究对象。

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    1.6 统计学方法

    采用SPSS 25.0统计软件。根据正态分布情况,阅读前、阅读后及阅读前后各项血管参数采用均数和标准差或用中位数和四分位数,即MP25 ~ P75)描述。阅读前后各血管参数的变化情况根据正态分布情况采用配对t检验或配对秩和检验进行分析。α = 0.05,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

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    2 结 果

    2.1 基本资料

    共收集61例61眼,其中男13例13眼(21.31%),女48例48眼(78.69%);年龄19~30岁,中位年龄为23.00(21.00 ~ 26.00)岁;中位等效球镜(spherical equivalent SE)为-3.63(-5.81,-2.25)D,其中SE > -3.00 D 20眼(32.80%),SE ≤ -3.00D 41眼(67.20%);中位眼轴(axial length AL)24.84(24.16, 25.82)mm,其中眼轴 < 25 mm 33眼(54.10%),眼轴≥ 25 mm 28眼(45.90%)。

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    2.2 用眼前后各指标的分布情况

    仅用眼前中心VLD、中心VPD、FAZ-A和用眼后中心VLD、中心VPD、FAZ-A、FAZ-P符合正态性分布,其他均不符合正态性分布,由于大部分指标不符合正态性分布,故分析中统一使用中位数和四分位数间距进行描述。

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    2.3 用眼前后各指标的差异分析

    表1可以看出,近距离用眼后的黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环指标较用眼前普遍减少,表明近距离用眼会导致黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环普遍降低;采用秩和检验比较后发现,除了FAZ-A及FAZ-P以外,差异均具有统计学意义,其中VLD中以中心VLD及内层VLD的差异最大,VPD中以中心VPD及内层VPD最大,表明近距离用眼会显著导致中心区的微循环降低,而对黄斑无灌注区的影响相对较小。

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    表1  近距离用眼前后微循环的差异分析
    Table 1  Analysis of anterior and posterior microcirculation before and after near work ( n=61 )
    ItemBeforeAfterDifferenceZP
    Central VLD1) 7.30(5.70,9.00) 4.45(6.20,8.05) 1.00(-0.40,2.90) 3.518 0.001
    Inner layer VLD1) 17.70(16.35,18.50) 15.00(16.70,17.95) 0.80(-0.65,2.00) 2.672 0.008
    Outer layer VLD1) 18.30(17.30,19.00) 16.80(17.90,18.40) 0.40(-0.40,1.40) 2.216 0.034
    Whole VLD1) 17.70(16.75,18.65) 16.10(17.30,17.80) 0.40(-0.30,1.60) 2.395 0.017
    Central VPD1) 0.16(0.12,0.20) 0.09(0.14,0.17) 0.02(-0.01,0.07) 3.406 0.001
    Inner layer VPD1) 0.42(0.39,0.44) 0.35(0.39,0.42) 0.02(-0.02,0.05) 2.658 0.008
    Outer layer VPD1) 0.45(0.43,0.47) 0.41(0.44,0.46) 0.01(-0.01,0.04) 2.231 0.026
    Whole VPD1) 0.43(0.41,0.45) 0.39(0.42,0.43) 0.01(-0.01,0.04) 2.258 0.011
    FAZ-A 0.31(0.21,0.38) 0.21(0.28,0.35) 0.01(-0.03,0.06) 1.447 0.148
    FAZ-P 2.29(1.91,2.52) 1.90(2.24,2.60) 0.00(-0.18,0.18) -0.032 0.975
    FAZ-CI1) 0.76(0.71,0.80) 0.68(0.72,0.75) 0.04(-0.03,0.09) 2.859 0.004

    1)Compared with before near work, indexes of superficial retinal microcirculation in the macular area after near work were generally reduced, P < 0.05.

    icon Download:  CSV icon Download:  Table Images

    2.4 不同屈光度用眼前后各指标的差异分析

    表2可以看出,按照等效球镜分为两组后,近距离用眼后的黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环指标的变化差异均无统计学意义,表明不同屈光度的青年在近距离用眼时黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环变化程度无差异。

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    表2  不同屈光度近距离用眼前后微循环的差异分析
    Table 2  Analysis of microcirculation difference before and after near work between different diopters
    ItemSE<-3.00 DSE≥-3.00 DZP
    Central VLD 2.45(0.15,3.18) 0.90(-0.95,2.15) -1.667 0.095
    Inner layer VLD 1.40(-0.95,2.40) 0.60(-0.65,1.65) -1.060 0.289
    Outer layer VLD 1.15(-0.53,1.40) 0.20(-0.40,1.45) -0.984 0.325
    Whole VLD 1.20(-0.28,1.60) 0.20(-0.35,1.50) -0.892 0.373
    Central VPD 0.05(0.00,0.08) 0.01(-0.01,0.05) -1.506 0.132
    Inner layer VPD 0.03(-0.02,0.06) 0.02(-0.02,0.04) -1.029 0.303
    Outer layer VPD 0.02(-0.01,0.04) 0.00(-0.01,0.04) -1.191 0.234
    Whole VPD 0.03(0.00,0.04) 0.01(-0.01,0.04) -1.030 0.303
    FAZ-A 0.02(-0.03,0.08) 0.00(-0.03,0.06) -0.878 0.380
    FAZ-P 0.06(-0.13,0.19) -0.03(-0.20,0.17) -0.845 0.398
    FAZ-CI 0.05(-0.04,0.14) 0.04(-0.03,0.09) -0.739 0.460

    There was no difference in superficial retinal microcirculation in the macular after near work in young-adult with different diopters, P > 0.05.

    icon Download:  CSV icon Download:  Table Images

    2.5 不同眼轴用眼前后各指标的差异分析

    表3可以看出,按照眼轴分为两组后,近距离用眼后仅有外层VPD及整体VPD具有差异,但是差异值较小,其余的黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环指标的变化差异均无统计学意义,表明不同眼轴的青年在近距离用眼时黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环变化程度无差异。

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    表3  不同眼轴近距离用眼前后微循环的差异分析
    Table 3  Analysis of microcirculation difference before and after near work between different axial lengths
    ItemAL<25 mmAL≥25 mmZP
    Central VLD 1.90(-0.05,3.15) 0.85(-1.30,1.95) -1.694 0.090
    Inner layer VLD 1.30(-0.30,2.55) 0.55(-1.18,1.55) -1.592 0.111
    Outer layer VLD 1.10(-0.15,1.50) -0.10(-0.65,0.90) -1.970 0.049
    Whole VLD 1.10(-0.15,1.70) 0.00(-0.40,0.98) -1.883 0.060
    Central VPD 0.05(0.00,0.07) 0.02(-0.03,0.05) -1.665 0.096
    Inner layer VPD 0.02(0.00,0.06) 0.01(-0.02,0.03) -1.592 0.111
    Outer layer VPD1) 0.02(0.00,0.04) 0.00(-0.01,0.01) -2.294 0.022
    Whole VPD1) 0.03(0.00,0.05) 0.00(-0.01,0.01) -2.237 0.025
    FAZ-A 0.02(-0.03,0.05) 0.00(-0.02,0.07) -0.225 0.822
    FAZ-P 0.03(-0.18,0.16) -0.02(-0.19,0.26) -0.065 0.948
    FAZ-CI 0.05(-0.05,0.11) 0.04(-0.03,0.08) -0.406 0.685

    1)There was no difference in superficial retinal microcirculation in the macular after near work in young-adult with different axial lengths, P > 0.05.

    icon Download:  CSV icon Download:  Table Images

    3 讨 论

    近视是指在调节放松状态下,平行光线经眼的屈光系统后聚焦在视网膜之前的一种屈光异常状态,临床上主要表现为远视力下降,近视力正常,通过佩戴负球镜或/和负柱镜可以提高视力。近视分为单纯性近视及病理性近视,而对于大部分青少年及轻中度近视来讲,多为单纯性近视,其主要的影响因素为遗传因素和环境因素,如生活环境的异常刺激、长时间、近距离的阅读等

    9。有证据显示,花在近距离工作上的时间越多,近视的患病率就越高7-8,针对丹麦青少年的一项研究显示,工作日及周末电子屏幕的使用,增加了近视的发生10。Enthoven等人对5 074名儿童的观察发现,近距离用眼的增加与近视的进展有关(OR = 1.07)11,更长的阅读时间与更短的阅读距离与近视的进展有关12。近距离用眼影响近视的原因,目前尚不明确,随着研究的进展,关于缺氧与近视的关系,也越来越受到关注,缺氧可能是近视潜在的因素。瞿佳教授团队证实了缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)信号通路与近视及病理性近视危险基因之间存在相关关联,通过单细胞RNA测序后发现,近视造模的小鼠巩膜组织中的缺氧通路激活,巩膜缺氧通过激活HIF-1α信号通路调控肌动蛋白细胞骨架通路促进巩膜肌纤维成纤维细胞转分化,通过细胞外基质(ECM)受体相互作用通路促进ECM重塑,进而促进近视的发展,而抗缺氧药物通过抑制HIF-1α表达使得小鼠近视进展放缓而不影响正常眼增长13。组织的缺氧,多数与血流灌注下降有关,而巩膜组织缺氧的发生,可能是由脉络膜血流灌注下降导致,脉络膜血流灌注下降可导致脉络膜厚度变薄,这在对豚鼠近视眼的观察中得到证实14。而通过增加脉络膜灌注可以减少缺氧信号、减低缺氧,能够抑制近视的进展及眼轴的延长15。在对视网膜的血流的观察中,也发现了缺氧的存在,在尚未出现高度近视眼底改变的低中度近视的患者中已出现视网膜血流的下降16。由此可见,缺氧在近视的发生发展中扮演着很重要的角色。有学者发现,近距离用眼可以通过降低脉络膜血流灌注导致脉络膜缺氧,在邻近的巩膜组织中创建一个缺氧环境,从而引起近视的发生发展,故认为缺氧是近视发生发展的遗传和环境交互作用的关键调节器17-18。而眼睛的生长,是由视觉信号引导,并通过一系列始于视网膜的生化反应来控制,最终导致巩膜外基质重构,使得眼轴及屈光度发生改变19,近距离用眼引起的脉络膜血流灌注下降,是否是始于视网膜血流下降,目前尚未有相关研究。
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    视网膜微血管系统的完整与否,是决定视功能得以维持的重要因素,而视网膜血管密度是衡量视网膜微血管循环状态的指标

    20-21。OCTA是在OCT基础上发展而来的一项新技术,通过对血管内红细胞与周组织的对比检测,并进行计算与分析而重建视网膜及脉络膜血管图像22,对黄斑区的血流参数具有很高的诊断能力23。Zeiss OCTA目前可以量化的数据包括VLD、VPD、FAZ-A、FAZ-P、FAZ-CI,其中VLD为测量范围内血管的线性长度,VPD为测量范围内血管的直径宽度24,其能够敏锐地发现视网膜浅层血管的变化,更好地反应浅层血流的灌注量25。FAZ是黄斑区的无灌注区,对缺血具有很高的敏感性26。既往运用OCTA技术的研究发现,在青少年近视人群中,随着近视程度的增加,黄斑区浅层视网膜血管密度逐渐降低27;在正常眼、单纯高度近视眼及病理性高度近视眼中,黄斑区视网膜浅层及深层血流密度呈逐渐下降趋势28
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    通过本研究的观察,在未进行眼轴校正的情况下,近距离用眼后的黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环指标普遍较用眼前存在不同程度的降低,而不同屈光度及眼轴两组间,变化程度无明显差异,且本研究的观察时间统一在下午,故可以排除昼夜节律的影响,证明近距离用眼会导致黄斑区浅层视网膜的缺血缺氧;在这些变化中,以中心区的微循环指标变化最为明显,可见近距离用眼对中心区的微循环影响最大,我们认为与黄斑中心凹主宰明视觉有关,在近距离用眼中,黄斑中心凹的功能最为活跃,也最容易被影响。至于差异虽具有统计学意义,但均不是很大,我们认为有以下两点:①近距离用眼的时间和强度不够,本研究设定的用眼时间为1 h,而在实际中,近距离用眼时间往往超过了1 h,且本研究中设定的近距离用眼距离为30 cm,而实际中多数人,尤其是儿童青少年的近距离用眼距离往往小于30 cm,其使用的强度远大于观察设定的用眼强度,如果能够增长时间、增加强度的话,可能会出现整个黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环的失代偿,出现明显的微循环的障碍,后期研究可考虑增加用眼的时间和缩短用眼的距离;② 我们的观察对象为成年人,视网膜血管系统已经发育成熟,对近距离用眼的刺激反应不够敏感,后期可以考虑对儿童青少年进行观察。结合本研究及既往研究结果,我们大胆的做出这样的猜测,近距离用眼之所以能够影响近视,是由于其时间和强度达到一定程度,导致黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环的失代偿,引起黄斑区甚至是整个视网膜浅层视网膜微循环的降低,导致局部的缺血缺氧,这种异常的信号通过深层视网膜传导至脉络膜层,进一步影响了脉络膜的血液灌注,从而导致巩膜组织缺血缺氧,最终影响了巩膜组织重塑,引起眼轴延长,致使近视的发生与发展,这与瞿佳教授团队的认识具有相似性

    29。我们猜测可以有效改善局部微循环(包括视网膜、脉络膜等)的治疗,可能可以有效的控制或延缓近视的发生与发展。
    transl

    本研究尚有不足之处:①纳入的人群的有限,后期可以考虑纳入未成年人,使得研究的结论更加有说服力;②本研究仅观察视网膜微循环的影响,未能观察脉络膜厚度的变化,分析脉络膜微循环的变化,后期可以进一步观察,使得研究结果更加全面;③因样本量有限,且不是随机样本,没有进行男女样本的单独统计分析,后期可以考虑加入更多的男性病例,同时尽量选择随机样本进行观察统计;④研究样本仅来自广州市区,得出的结论无法代表所有的地区,后期可以进行多中心的研究。

    transl

    综上所述,近距离用眼可以导致青年近视患者黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环的降低,而以中心区最为显著,这可能与近距离用眼导致近视的发生与发展有关。近距离用眼可能通过影响黄斑区浅层视网膜微循环的改变,导致局部缺血缺氧,影响近视的发生及发展。

    transl

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