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    • Advances in Endoscopic Techniques for Surgical Management of Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

    • YU Yu

      ,  

      YAO Yandan

      ,  
    • Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences)   Vol. 45, Issue 3, Pages: 361-369(2024)
    • DOI:10.13471/j.cnki.j.sun.yat-sen.univ(med.sci).20240520.001    

      CLC: R737.9
    • Published:20 May 2024

      Received:27 February 2024

      Accepted:14 May 2024

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  • YU Yu,YAO Yandan.Advances in Endoscopic Techniques for Surgical Management of Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences),2024,45(03):361-369. DOI: 10.13471/j.cnki.j.sun.yat-sen.univ(med.sci).20240520.001.

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    Abstract

    With the improvement in quality of life and the development of medical science and technology, people's requirements for postoperative beauty are correspondingly improved. On the premise of ensuring safety and feasibility, the advantages of endoscopic small incisions are used to treat breast diseases. With the vigorous promotion of scholars all over the world, endoscopic treatment of breast cancer has changed from concept to reality. This article will briefly describe the development history of endoscopic treatment of breast cancer, introduce the indications obtained by experts from all over the world through practice, as well as the surgical methods of endoscopic treatment of breast cancer that have evolved based on traditional breast cancer surgery, and discuss the controversy and prospect of endoscopic treatment of breast cancer.

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    Keywords

    endoscope; breast cancer; surgery; minimally invasive; research development

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    全球范围内乳腺癌约占女性癌症的30%,其死亡率与发病率之比为15%

    1。2020年全球每10万人口约有27~97人发生乳腺癌,并与经济发展程度以及相关的社会和生活方式因素呈正相关。随着社会的快速发展,我国女性乳腺癌发病率逐年上升,根据《国家癌症中心》2020年发布的统计结果显示,乳腺癌新发病例为42万例,占新发癌症病例总数的9.1%。逐年上升及居高不下的乳腺癌发病率和死亡率,以及女性对术后美容的要求提高,促进了乳腺外科的发展。自1995年世界上第一例腔镜全乳房切除术在日本实施后,腔镜下治疗乳腺癌被广泛运用。腔镜治疗乳腺癌与传统乳腺根治术相比,虽在手术适应症方面比较局限,但术后伤口瘢痕较小及隐匿性提高了术后乳腺的美观。借助假体植入一期乳房重建使术后的乳房外形更为逼真,也让患者的生存质量及术后心理恢复得到良好的提升。早期部分学者对皮下乳房切除术的安全性提出质疑,针对这些问题,Hinton等学者2-6经研究表明皮下乳房切除术对早期乳腺癌是肿瘤安全的。而东方女性乳房普遍偏小,传统保乳术后剩余腺体较少,患者保乳术后的形状变化明显。腔镜下保乳术为患有早期乳腺癌的病人提供一种较为安全且满意度较高的手术方法。Lai等7报道术者经过15例腔镜辅助保乳术后手术时间可明显缩短。但腔镜下保乳术需自造操作腔隙,部分学者运用脂肪溶解抽吸以创造操作空间,但其过程存在癌细胞脱落种植的嫌疑而备受争议。本文总结了腔镜治疗乳腺癌的适应症、常用腔镜治疗乳腺癌的术式发展及机器人在腔镜治疗中的应用,最后讨论了腔镜治疗乳腺癌的争议和对未来的展望。
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    1 腔镜治疗乳腺癌适应症进展

    腔镜保乳术一般适用于早期乳腺癌患者,其适应症包括:①分期Tis,IA期-ⅡB期(T1-T2, N0-N2)患者;②肿瘤大小<3 cm;③影像学资料证实肿瘤未侵犯皮肤及胸大肌筋膜;④肿瘤距离乳头及乳晕≥2 cm。中华医学会发布的《乳腺癌腔镜治疗专家共识与操作指导意见(2019版)》

    8亦提及肿瘤>5 cm为手术禁忌证,且接受腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术的患者需无腋窝手术史,影像学检查腋窝淋巴结分期≤cN1期。日本则建议腔镜保乳术肿瘤大小应≤4 cm9。近来,机器人辅助下乳腺癌手术得到应用,但其适应症仍在探索中,在近期发布的专家共识10中,其适应症将肿瘤大小扩大至5 cm以下(T3);肿瘤距离乳头及乳晕在3 mm以上仍可接受机器人辅助下乳腺癌手术,但不适用于有乳头乳晕侵犯或既往乳腺接受过放疗的患者。
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    2 腔镜治疗乳腺癌术式的拓展

    随着腔镜治疗技术的进步,在确保安全性的情况下,腔镜下治疗乳腺癌术式得到拓展,主要手术方式主要包括腔镜下前哨淋巴结活检术、腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术、腔镜下保留乳头乳晕皮下腺体切除+I期假体植入术、腔镜下保留乳头乳晕皮下腺体切除自体组织移植乳房重建术。

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    2.1 腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术

    乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术(mastoscopic axillary lymph node dissection,MALND),通过在腋窝附近区域利用三孔法对腋窝淋巴结进行清扫。有研究报道

    11在背阔肌前缘乳头水平、腋中线乳头水平下方、在乳晕附近置入Trocar,通过“七步法”:建腔(充入CO2气体,压力维持在 8~10 mm Hg)、显露背阔肌前缘、显露胸背及胸长神经、显露腋静脉、清扫 Rotter 淋巴结、清扫锁骨下区域淋巴结、打开喙锁胸筋膜以完成MALND。与传统腋窝淋巴结清扫术(CALND)相比,MALND虽手术时间长,但其术后瘢痕、术中出血量(MD =97.93, 95% CI:169.71 to 26.14, P <0 .01)及术后并发症(手臂肿胀、麻木及感觉异常;OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 0.68-1.78, P=0 .70)明显减少12。且有一项多中心研究13表明MALND术后患者在肿瘤远处转移[MALND(22.8%[113/496]), CALND(28.2% [141/500])(P=0.04)及总生存率(MALND(12.9% [64/496]), CALND(16.4% [82/500])]方面更具有优势。
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    2.2 腔镜下保留乳头乳晕乳房切除加一期乳房重建术

    腔镜下保留乳晕乳头乳房切除(endoscopic nipple sparing mastectomy,E-NSM)加一期乳房重建术(immediate breast reconstruction,IBR),在保留乳头-乳晕复合体功能的基础上行皮下腺体切除术。相对传统的改良根治术,在早期乳腺癌方面对患者的生存质量及心理负担有较好的改善。ENSM手术指征如上所述仅适用于早期乳腺癌且肿瘤不侵犯皮肤及胸大肌等患者,但也为早期乳腺癌患者提供一种新型的治疗方式,结合一期乳房重建术让患者的乳房更为接近原始状态,而一期乳房重建可以使用假体

    14或背阔肌皮瓣移植15等。因乳腔镜需自制操作空间,目前常用的入口为乳晕周围切口和或腋下切口16-18,利用隧道法、空气建腔得以将乳房皮肤与腺体分离进而将全部腺体切除,部分学者运用单孔法将手术入口较为集中置于腋窝下,再加上3D腔镜解剖层次明显的优势19-20,让患者在保证肿瘤安全性的前提下拥有更好的乳房外形。本文作者团队主要采用经腋下切口入路,利用空气建腔法将乳房皮肤与腺体分离进而将全部腺体切除,具体步骤见下图(图1)。
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    图1  腔镜下保留乳头乳晕乳房腺体切除加一期假体重建术手术步骤

    Fig. 1  The surgical steps for endoscopic assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy

    A: Axillary incision for surgery; B: Excision of the blue-dyed sentinel lymph node through the axillary incision with intraoperative frozen pathology examination after injection of methylene blue tracer; C: Construction of a single-cavity space and detachment between the breast gland and pectoralis major muscle; D-E: Anterior and cross-sectional views demonstrate the radial injection of expansion fluid into the subcutaneous tissue of the entire breast through the areola; F-G: Anterior and cross-sectional views demonstrate the subcutaneous gland detachment through the axillary incision with scissors; H: Excision of tissue behind the nipple for frozen pathology examination; I-J: Anterior and cross-sectional views demonstrate the remaining glandular tissue around the breast under endoscopic guidance; K: Removal of glandular tissue, placement of encapsulated implants through the axillary incision into the chest muscle, and adjustment of implant position; L: Anterior view after breast surgery. [Drawing software: Paintwork (version 13.5.2_372) and WPS Office (version 12.9.1)].with direct-to-implant breast reconstruction

    icon Download:  Full-size image | High-res image | Low-res image

    近期部分学者运用机器人辅助下保留乳头乳晕乳房切除,与E-NSM相比,避免了术中腔镜操作器械交织碰撞的机会并减少了对助手的依赖,但昂贵的器械成本限制其进一步推广。E-NSM术后的并发症主要是乳头乳晕坏死,有研究报道乳头部分坏死率为18%,全乳头坏死率为24%

    21,但也有研究报道并未出现乳头坏死18-19,可能是因术中过度分离皮下脂肪导致乳头乳晕丧失血供,有研究22建议分离腺体与皮肤时保留乳头下方5 mm组织以预防乳头乳晕坏死,但预留乳头乳晕后方组织又有乳腺癌复发的风险,需要进一步的研究找到不出现乳头乳晕坏死与癌复发的平衡点。E-NSM需关注术中乳头边缘的冰冻病理结果,而一旦边缘冰冻结果重复阳性,则可转行保留皮肤的乳房切除术(skin-sparing mastectomy,SSM)。E-NSM术后患者运用了腔镜放大解剖结构的优势在小切口的基础上分离乳房皮肤及腺体,更加确保肿瘤安全性,Ito和Yamashita23-24对术后患者平均约50个月的随访未发现肿瘤复发。对于BRCA基因突变患者,ENSM术后的随访也未出现复发25,且大量文献报道E-NSM是可行且安全的。
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    2.3 腔镜乳腺癌腋窝前哨淋巴结活检术

    前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node, SLN)作为乳腺癌的第一个淋巴引流部位,代表了所有腋窝淋巴结(axillary lymph node, ALN)的状态。ALN受累是早期乳腺癌患者的重要预后因素,对肿瘤分期和临床决策具有重要价值

    26。为了检测淋巴结转移的存在,前哨淋巴结活检术(sentinel lymph node biopsy, SLNB)迅速出现,并逐渐取代腋窝淋巴结清扫术(axillary lymph node dissection, ALND),成为临床无可疑淋巴结早期乳腺癌患者的标准治疗方案27-28。经SLNB 证实的无前哨淋巴结转移的乳腺癌患者,癌细胞在区域内基本不会发生淋巴结转移,术中只需彻底切除乳腺病变癌组织即可,一般无需行淋巴结清扫或只行低位清扫即可,而对于 SLNB 提示阳性者,则需要切除淋巴结,必要者行改良根治术。 由此可见,SLNB 可以为乳腺癌手术方案的制定提供重要依据和参考。通过SLNB 明确乳腺癌患者有无腋窝淋巴结转移,其最大的临床意义在于,可以有效避免 SLNB 阴性患者接受不必要的腋窝淋巴结清扫手术,从而减少改良根治术的使用,缩小淋巴结阴性患者的手术切除范围,为整形保乳手术的应用创造有利条件,进而在保证疗效、避免远期复发转移的基础上,减少手术创伤,避免淋巴切除相关并发症,促进患者早期恢复,提高术后生活质量。Wang等26一项临床研究采用基于计算机断层摄影-淋巴造影术数据的三维可视化模型结合亚甲蓝识别SLN,并常规进行三维重建和视觉模拟手术,然后进行实际手术。该技术可将传统的二维CT数据重建为三维可视化模型,清晰显示乳腺结构、淋巴结的空间位置及其与周围组织的关系。研究发现术前三维可视化技术联合术中亚甲蓝染色引导腔镜SLNB的SLN检出率为100%(389/389),灵敏度为93.43%(128/137),准确率为93.83%(365/389),假阴性率为6.57%(9/137)。有文献报道开放手术存在5%~10%假阴性率29-31。与Wang等相似,Yao等32利用非溶脂近红外(NIR)腹腔镜行SLNB,发现前哨淋巴结检出率为100%,可解决开放SLNB存在的假阴性率,但其手术时间较长、术后引流液较多,这可能与术者腔镜操作熟练程度及术中分离较多的腋窝组织有关。
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    2.4 腔镜下保留乳晕乳头皮下腺体切除的自体组织移植乳房重建术

    目前医疗工作者正在努力寻找缩小乳房切口的方法,以减少术后瘢痕。对于小于整个乳房10% ~ 15%的小缺陷,采用与保乳手术相同的切口行腺体整形术,在乳房整体体积减小的情况下仍有望获得满意的美学外形。然而,对于构成整个乳房超过20%的中至大段缺损,自体组织移植是必要的。因此,可以根据缺损位置的特点选择各种重建方案

    33-34
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    目前自体血管重建的技术多种多样,应根据患者的解剖特点和术者的经验来选择。其中,局部皮瓣(侧胸背皮瓣或旋转皮瓣)是一种微型或保留肌肉的背阔肌(latissimus dorsi, LD)皮瓣,被认为是一种有用的修复外科方法,它可以应用于所有的乳房缺损,比扩大的LD皮瓣恢复更快。为尽量减少对功能性肌肉的划伤,也可采用肋间动脉穿支皮瓣或胸背动脉穿支(thoracodorsal artery perforator, TDAP)皮瓣等穿支皮瓣。然而,TDAP是一种可以选择性地用于除下内象限(lower inner quadrant, LIQ)以外的所有侧方位置的肿瘤的方法

    35-36。与经典的术前设计相比,这些手术方式都采用了融合无瘢痕手术最小化切口的理念。基于这一概念,使用功能强大的设备(即内窥镜检查或机器人手术)使腋窝中部切口更小、更准确、更精确。切口不仅缩短,而且被佩戴的文胸线覆盖,以最大限度地提高患者满意度。
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    其次,乳房切除术中可能会损伤胸背血管。因此,由于肌肉萎缩和不确定的皮瓣活性,LD皮瓣若不可行可选择横行腹直肌(TRAM)皮瓣。此外,尽管有证据表明硅胶植入物是安全的,但一些患者不会接受,因此需要进行体积替代手术来达到对称。Hartrampf等

    37设计了TRAM皮瓣,取脐下皮肤、脂肪和一条带腹壁上血管蒂的腹直肌的横椭圆形。在皮下形成一个隧道,皮瓣通过隧道旋转并移动到胸壁。在60例患者的65次TRAM皮瓣手术中,Scheflan和Dinner38报道皮瓣坏死和腹壁疝发生率分别为12%和8%。他们建议,TRAM皮瓣适用于需要额外的胸壁软组织,中度过量的下腹部脂肪和希望自体组织而不是硅胶植入的患者。此外,它可以用于那些先前有LD瓣失败或多次植入失败。手术禁忌证为严重肥胖、大量吸烟、既往下腹部手术和高龄。腔镜对TRAM皮瓣手术的优势是在利用小切口完成皮瓣的游离和转移,其手术禁忌症与开放手术相似,主要包括:①消瘦或未生育过的患者;②无足够腹壁组织的患者;③腹部手术TRAM皮瓣血供被阻断者;④肋缘下和旁正中切口;⑤腹壁脂肪抽吸术后;是带蒂TRAM瓣转移的禁忌症。然而,较大范围的皮下缺失易引起皮下积液积气,甚至愈合不良。
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    美容性无瘢痕保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除术是乳腺癌手术中较为普遍的概念。虽然许多肿瘤外科医师在传统的保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除术中使用外侧切口或上外侧切口

    39-40,但在乳房正面仍然存在较大的可见瘢痕,这是该技术的缺点之一。为了克服这一缺点,许多肿瘤科医师尝试通过乳房下或腋窝切口(也有同时加用乳晕周围切口)来避免可见的瘢痕,这一方法可被称为“美观无痕化”保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除。当通过乳房下切口或腋窝切口进行保留乳头或皮肤的乳房切除术时,最大的障碍之一是接近上内象限和乳房的内侧。内镜或机器人设备可更容易地接近这些区域,这一操作被称为内镜或机器人辅助保留乳头的乳房切除。当实施非注气腔镜或机器人辅助的保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除术时,使用常规手术器械可以很容易地分离乳房后间隙。皮下注射肿胀液(Hunstadt液、1 000 mL乳酸林格液+ 50 mL的1%利多卡因注射液+ 1 mL的1:1 000肾上腺素注射液)后,用手术剪于浅筋膜层分离皮瓣。也可以使用各种能量设备,包括电刀、LigaSureTM设备(Covidien, Mansfield, USA)、HarmonicTM手术刀(Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.,Cincinnati, USA)或ThunderbeatTM(Olympus, New York, USA),在内窥镜摄像头下横断乳房的内侧。
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    3 不同建腔方法的在乳腺癌腔镜微创手术的应用比较

    3.1 溶脂法和非溶脂法

    目前腔镜下乳腺癌切除术中分离皮肤与腺体过程中有分溶脂法与非溶脂法,溶脂法其目的是腔镜下减少脂肪对术程影响,以暴露韧带、腺体、血管、肌肉及神经等,从而方便术中解剖及分离,其过程是利用配置的溶脂液通过注射器分布于肿瘤周围脂肪,待一段时间后抽吸脂肪。此方法可获得较为清晰的解剖结构,但在肿瘤安全性方面仍有待考究。目前溶脂法主要用于腔镜下腋窝淋巴结清扫,杨絮等

    41报道在腔镜手术中使用溶脂法后的脱落癌细胞的阳性率高于传统腋窝清扫淋巴结(腔镜组:37.5%,传统组:29.6%,P>0.05),而Brun等42通过对溶脂法术后的淋巴结进行观察,发现溶脂法未使淋巴结的病理特征改变。目前尚缺乏对溶脂法在腔镜下治疗乳腺癌研究长期随访的相关报道,出于肿瘤安全性的原因,近期较为流行用非溶脂法在腔镜下治疗乳腺癌,但其提高了对术者的要求,Fang等43报道将三个Trocar分别置于乳晕旁、腋中线与乳头交界、腋后线于乳头水平,术中沿腋窝筋膜腔更为容易找到腋下解剖结构并顺利完成前哨淋巴结活检及腋窝淋巴结清扫。Wu等44更具体地报道Trocar孔放置的位置,分别置于乳头垂直线与乳房下皱襞2 cm的交点,作为观察孔,腋前线与乳房下皱襞2 cm的交点及乳晕周围Trocar孔作为操作孔。Wu通过解剖乳房后间隙及腋窝结构实现皮下乳房切除和腋窝淋巴结清扫,在清扫腋窝Ⅱ、Ⅲ站淋巴结时利用穿透皮肤的缝线锚定在组织上,并通过外部的牵拉扩大操作空间,其Trocar孔的设计、操作空间的设计及手术入路的创新使手术时间及出血量方面都有减少,且随访期间没有出现Trocar孔肿瘤种植。
    transl

    溶脂法与非溶脂法在腔镜下实施乳腺癌手术的应用是否会在术中引起肿瘤细胞的脱落种植转移成为争议的热点。溶脂法因抽吸脂肪获得操作空间及间隙显露清晰而被部分学者接纳,但其术中发生肿瘤细胞脱落转移的可能性使该使术者在开展时会产生顾虑。且溶脂法不适用于肥胖病人

    45及术中耗时较长46成为该技术的缺陷。非溶脂法解决了肿瘤细胞脱落转移的顾虑,术后加用灭菌用水除去残腔的肿瘤细胞使患者的肿瘤复发率进一步减少,但非溶脂法要求术者熟练掌握腋窝的膜解剖结构及腔镜操作技术,且操作难度较大。关于腔镜下治疗乳腺癌中利用溶脂法与非溶脂法对比的相关研究报道较少,目前更多地报道倾向于溶脂法与非溶质法和传统的腋窝淋巴结清扫术作为对比,仍需要对腔镜下溶脂与非溶脂术后的乳腺癌患者进行长期的随访以获得更为真实的证据。
    transl

    3.2 热刀法和冷刀法

    在众多手术器械中,人们有时把它们分为热刀(热技术)和冷刀(冷技术)两大类。“热刀”指的是利用电流及其换能后的形式所产生的热作用而工作的技术,包括基础电刀、双极电刀、氩气刀、大血管闭合系统、超声刀、超声乳化吸引刀、射频刀等;“冷刀”指的是利用水流或制冷气体所产生的冷作用而工作的技术,包括水刀、冷冻器械等。基础电刀是最常用的热刀技术之一,通过高频电流在组织中产生热能,实现切割和凝固的功能。它具有精确控制切割深度和出血量的优势。超声刀(Harmonic Scalpel)利用超声振动来切割和凝固组织,它由一个产生超声能量并将其转换为机械振动的手柄组成。这种振动使组织蛋白质变性,从而实现切割和凝固。超声刀提供了切割和凝固功能的组合,能够在最小化出血的同时实现精确的解剖,在乳腺癌腔镜手术应用较为广泛,其在术中出血、术后引流情况及术后疼痛均优于使用传统电刀的患者,但超声刀的使用增加了手术的费用

    47。氩气刀(Argon Beam Coagulator)是一种利用离子化的氩气在手术过程中实现组织凝固的热刀,它基于氩气等离子体凝固的原理,但该技术目前在乳腺癌手术中较少被运用。早在1996年,Kerin48等报道使用氩气刀切除乳房术后出血方面优于传统电刀。因氩气比空气更容易用电流离子化,在较低的功率设置下用氩气刀更易于切割,并产生较少的烟雾。但使用氩气刀比传统电刀的手术费用昂贵以致其在临床推广受阻。冷刀技术包括水刀、冷冻器械。喷水式切割(水刀,WaterJet cutting)是在无热损伤的情况下根据不同组织的密度和特性进行切割,较为疏松的结缔组织将会被分离及冲涮,而富含胶原蛋白及弹性蛋白的组织(如血管神经及纤维束等)将被保留49,目前水刀在临床上运用于肝切除术50、神经外科手术51等。有临床报道对患者腹膜后淋巴结清扫时,水压在20 bar可使淋巴结包膜保持完整,在30~40 bar范围内可使脂肪组织分离52-53。但目前尚无水刀技术在腔镜治疗乳腺癌的报道,其安全性及适用性仍需探究。
    transl

    4 机器人手术在乳腺癌腔镜微创手术中的应用

    2015年Toesca等

    54首次报道成功开展机器人辅助保留乳头乳晕皮下腺体全切并I期假体植入术后,世界各乳腺专科机构先后报道了机器人辅助手术治疗乳腺癌的经验,发现该新术式具有一定的优势,同时在术后乳腺塑形美观方面有所提升。相比于传统腔镜下乳腺癌手术,机器人术中操作的稳定性能及机械臂的灵活性是传统腔镜无法比拟的。目前,机器人辅助手术治疗乳腺癌成为如今众乳腺手术研究的热点之一,但机器人辅助治疗乳腺癌开展时间较短,现阶段证实机器人辅助治疗乳腺癌安全性的报道较少。在一项单中心回顾性研究中,Gui等55发现机器人辅助或腔镜下行保留乳头乳晕的皮下全切加I期乳腺重建术与传统的NSM-PBR患者在并发症发生率、复发率及死亡率等无差异。Wu等56在探讨磁共振检查对机器人辅助保留乳头乳晕皮下全切术后残存乳腺组织的评估价值中,发现机器人辅助保留乳头乳晕皮下全切术并不使乳腺残余组织增加,从另一方面证实机器人手术在乳腺癌手术的安全性。Angarita等57报道的关于机器人辅助下保留乳头乳晕皮下全切术的系统分析发现无论在手术转化率或者术后并发症方面比传统保留乳头乳晕皮下全切术少,且机器人辅助下保留乳头乳晕皮下全切术在乳头坏死及皮肤坏死的发生率更低,但其肿瘤安全性仍需进一步随访。
    transl

    目前,机器人辅助乳腺切除手术的适应症仍在探索,来自中国台湾、美国、韩国、意大利、法国等腔镜及机器人乳腺切除专家组发表了机器人乳房切除术共识

    10,该共识对机器人辅助手术治疗乳腺癌的适应症和禁忌症、患侧手臂摆放、手术切口的选择、引流管摆放及术后评价等方面进行投票及讨论,进一步规范机器人辅助乳腺切除手术的应用。有关机器人辅助乳腺切除手术对比传统乳腺切除手术的临床研究仍在中国台湾、美国、韩国、意大利、加拿大等国家进行,如Ryu等58报道的机器人辅助乳腺切除手术对比传统乳腺切除手术的临床对照研究,该项目将持续至2030年。但该类研究大部分为非随机对照试验,未来仍需前瞻性随机对照试验提供高级别临床证据。
    transl

    5 展 望

    在保证肿瘤安全性的前提下,腔镜技术的运用致力于使早期乳腺癌患者获得更高的生存质量及获得更好的乳房外观,有利于乳腺癌患者的身心康复。但从传统的开放手术跨越到腔镜下操作,手术时长的增加、对腔镜器械的使用、手术入路的选择等将对术者不断提出挑战。手术指征的严格把控也将影响乳腺癌患者的无瘤生存率。经过20余年中外学者的不懈努力,腔镜下治疗乳腺癌已成为被接受的术式,但更为规范、便于推广的手术入路仍在探索。不同于腹腔,需自造操作腔隙的乳腺使术中辅助器械变得尤为重要。希望借助科技的力量,让腔镜在治疗乳腺癌的道路上更上一层楼。

    transl

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