Published:20 July 2024,
Received:05 May 2024,
Accepted:25 June 2024
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To evaluate the changes in cardiac structure and ventricular function in patients with Anderson-Fabry Disease (AFD) by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) and to explore the characteristics of their early cardiac involvement.
All 45 patients diagnosed with AFD in this observational study underwent routine ultrasonic cardiogram (UCG) examination and 2D-STE. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on UCG measurements: with left ventricular hypertrophy (interventricular septum or posterior left ventricular wall thickness ≥12 mm) and without left ventricular hypertrophy. TomTec software was used to analyze the echocardiographic images, then the baseline data, UCG routine parameters and myocardial strain of the two groups were compared.
The study included 27 males (60.0%) and 18 females (40.0%), with an average age of (32.33±16.11), 17 cases (37.78%) with left ventricular hypertrophy and 28 cases (62.22%) without left ventricular hypertrophy. All patients had normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (> 50%). Compared with those without left ventricular hypertrophy, patients with left ventricular hypertrophy had significantly more target organ involvement, significantly higher E/A and average E/E' ratios (P < 0.05). No statistical difference was found in global and segmental longitudinal strain (LS), circumferential strain (CS) and radial strain (RS) of the endocardium and myocardium between the two groups (all P > 0.05). There were lower absolute values of global and segmental LS and CS in the myocardium than in the endocardium (all P < 0.05), and higher absolute values of LS and RS in the mid segment than in the basal and apical segments (all P < 0.05).
There is no significant association between early systolic dysfunction and left ventricular wall thickness. 2D-STE strain can be used to detect AFD in the early stage. Ventricular wall myocardium exhibits more serious involvement than endocardium and mid segment was less involved than the apical and basal segments.
法布雷病(Fabry’s disease, FD)又称Anderson-Fabry病(Anderson-Fabry disease, AFD),是一种常见的溶酶体蓄积性疾病,也称为弥漫性血管角化瘤或 α-半乳糖苷酶 A(alpha-galactosidase A, α-Gal)缺乏症。临床表现是由位于X染色体上编码的溶酶体酶 α-半乳糖苷酶 A的 GLA 基因突变引起。该突变导致先天性鞘糖脂代谢途径缺陷,使球状神经酰胺(ceramide, Gb3)和相关鞘糖脂在多种细胞的溶酶体中蓄积,包括自主神经节、肾小球、心肌细胞、角膜内血管内皮细胞等,引起组织积聚和多器官损伤,影响心血管、肾脏、胃肠道、脑血管、神经、听觉、眼部和皮肤系统。其中心脏受累是AFD相关死亡的主要原因之一[
本研究共纳入了45例确诊AFD的患者,根据左室壁肥厚情况分为左室壁肥厚组(17例)和无左室壁肥厚组(28例)。我们排除了超声心动图成像不良的患者。所有参与者在进入研究之前均签署了书面知情同意。本研究获得中山大学附属第一医院伦理委员会的批准。调查符合《赫尔辛基宣言》中概述的原则。
收集来我院参加义诊的已确诊45例AFD患者的基线数据及临床数据,如年龄、性别、身高、体质量、临床症状、手术史、家族史等。同时所有研究受试者均行常规超声心动图和2D-STE。
根据美国超声心动图学会(ASE)/欧洲心血管影像学协会(EACVI)指南进行常规测量。采用 GE Vivid E95 彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,M5S 探头;飞利浦EPIC 7C 彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,S5-1 探头进行检查。图像帧率均≥ 50 帧/秒。所有患者均取左侧卧位,连接心电图,保持平静呼吸,采集至少三个心动周期的图像。常规测量二尖瓣舒张早期峰值 E 峰 (mitral valve-E, MV-E)和二尖瓣舒张晚期 A 峰(mitral valve-A, MV-A),计算E/A;使用组织多普勒测量二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度 ( peak velocity, E') ,计算E/E'平均值。于左室长轴切面测量左室舒张末直径、室间隔厚度及左室后壁厚度。左室壁增厚(LVH)被定义为左室壁厚度≥12 mm。嘱患者屏气后采集并存储胸骨旁短轴二尖瓣、乳头肌、心尖部切面以及心尖四腔、三腔、两腔切面连续 3 个稳定的心动周期图像。在每次超声心动图检查开始时测量血压(blood press, BP)和心率(heart rate, HR)。
2D-STE分析是使用专用软件进行:TomTec-Arena TM(TomTec成像系统,德国Unterschleissheim)的2D心脏性能分析。依次选择胸骨旁短轴二尖瓣、乳头肌、心尖部切面以及心尖三腔、四腔和两腔切面图像,软件自动勾画心内膜和心外膜轮廓并手动调整,得到心肌和心内膜的应变-时间曲线,同时将节段做功数值导出,计算左室三节段(基底段、中间段和心尖段)应变参数,最后获取:左心室心肌层(muscular layer, myo)和心内膜(endocardium, endo)的整体纵向应变(global longitudinal strain, GLS)、整体周向应变(global circumferential strain, GCS),左心室基底段、中间段和心尖段的纵向应变(LS)、周向应变(CS)、径向应变(radial strain, RS),右心室心肌层(myo)和心内膜(endo)的整体纵向应变(GLS)。在本研究中,应变测量值以绝对值报告。
采用IBM SPSS 25.0 统计软件进行数据分析。所有计量资料使用 Kolmogorov-Smirnov 检验进行正态性检验,连续变量表示为平均值±标准差,分类变量表示为绝对数字和百分比。根据数据类型及分布使用非配对t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验或方差分析比较连续变量,而使用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验评估分类变量。双尾P值<0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
45例AFD患者中,年龄(32.33±16.11)岁,其中男性27例(60.0%)。左室壁肥厚组共17例(37.78%),年龄(42.35±11.89)岁,男性13例(76.50%)。无左室壁肥厚组共28例(62.22%),平均年龄(26.25±15.41)岁,男性14例(50.0%)。常见临床表现包括蛋白尿、心脏瓣膜病、心脏传导功能异常、眼部病变、胃肠道症状、角质血管瘤等。与无左室壁肥厚组相比,左室壁肥厚组患者的部分临床表现明显增加(蛋白尿,9 vs 6,P=0.030;心脏瓣膜病,9 vs 3,P=0.002;心脏传导功能异常,5 vs 1,P=0.013;眼部病变,8 vs 5,P=0.036;肾功能不全,7 vs 4,P=0.042;眩晕,9 vs 4,P=0.006;抑郁、焦虑,7 vs 3,P=0.017;注意力下降,8 vs 2,P=0.002;角质血管瘤,7 vs 3,P=0.017;乏力,4 vs 0,P=0.000;手术史,3 vs 0,P=0.021)。AFD患者的其他临床基线资料详见
Items | Total (n=45) | With left ventricular hypertrophy(n=17) | Without left ventricular hypertrophy(n=28) | t / χ2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic characteristics | |||||
Male | 27 (60.0) | 13 (76.5) | 14 (50.0) | 3.088 | 0.079 |
Age/years | 32.33±16.11 | 42.35±11.89 | 26.25±15.41 | -3.684 | 0.001 |
Height/cm | 160.40±16.33 | 167.56±7.90 | 156.00±18.63 | -2.784 | 0.008 |
Weight/kg | 53.34±16.27 | 60.53±13.38 | 48.91±16.53 | -2.369 | 0.023 |
BMI/(kg/m2) | 20.29±3.73 | 21.38±3.52 | 19.59±3.76 | -1.528 | 0.135 |
SBP/mmHg | 113.90±17.56 | 119.07±19.08 | 111.00±16.34 | -1.394 | 0.172 |
DBP/mmHg | 70.64±10.83 | 74.50±12.64 | 68.48±9.25 | -1.707 | 0.096 |
HR/bpm | 80.34±11.80 | 80.31±11.66 | 80.38±12.29 | 0.015 | 0.988 |
Clinical characteristics | |||||
Proteinuria | 15 (33.3) | 9 (52.9) | 6 (21.4) | 4.727 | 0.030 |
Heart valve diseases | 12 (26.7) | 9 (52.9) | 3 (10.7) | 9.645 | 0.002 |
Cardiac conduction dysfunction | 6 (13.3) | 5 (29.4) | 1 (3.6) | 6.112 | 0.013 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 6 (13.3) | 4 (23.5) | 2 (7.1) | 2.458 | 0.117 |
Ocular lesions | 13 (28.9) | 8 (47.1) | 5 (17.9) | 4.391 | 0.036 |
Renal insufficiency | 11 (24.4) | 7 (41.2) | 4 (14.3) | 4.141 | 0.042 |
Vertigo | 13 (28.9) | 9 (52.9) | 4 (14.3) | 7.694 | 0.006 |
Tinnitus | 14 (31.1) | 8 (47.1) | 6 (21.4) | 3.242 | 0.072 |
Gastrointestinal symptoms | 11 (24.4) | 6 (35.3) | 5 (17.9) | 1.741 | 0.187 |
Depression and anxiety | 10 (22.2) | 7 (41.2) | 3 (10.7) | 5.679 | 0.017 |
Attention decreased | 10 (22.2) | 8 (47.1) | 2 (7.1) | 9.751 | 0.002 |
Hypohidrosis or anhidrosis | 21 (46.7) | 9 (52.9) | 12 (42.9) | 0.432 | 0.511 |
Angiokeratoma | 10 (22.2) | 7 (41.2) | 3 (10.7) | 5.679 | 0.017 |
Severe limb pain | 21 (46.7) | 8 (47.1) | 13 (46.4) | 0.002 | 0.967 |
Hypodynamia | 4 (8.9) | 4 (23.5) | 0 (0.0) | 7.271 | 0.007 |
Previous surgery | 3 (6.7) | 3 (17.6) | 0 (0.0) | 5.294 | 0.021 |
Family history | 34 (75.6) | 12 (70.6) | 22 (78.6) | 0.365 | 0.546 |
AFD: Anderson-Fabry Disease; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; bpm: beat per minute; P: compared between with left ventricular hypertrophy group and without left ventricular hypertrophy group.
纳入研究的患者的LVEF(%)均正常(69.71 ± 6.42),且两组间差异无统计学意义(69.82 ± 7.16 vs 69.64 ± 6.07,P=0.928;
Items | Total (n=45) | With left ventricular hypertrophy(n=17) | Without left ventricular hypertrophy(n=28) | t | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AO/mm | 31.00±5.82 | 34.24±5.35 | 29.04±5.23 | -3.198 | 0.003 |
AAO/mm | 33.17±6.03 | 34.57±5.44 | 31.20±6.87 | -0.951 | 0.364 |
LA/mm | 32.73±5.27 | 36.00±4.60 | 30.75±4.68 | -3.673 | 0.001 |
RV/mm | 20.60±2.89 | 21.35±1.84 | 20.14±3.32 | -1.573 | 0.123 |
IVS/mm | 11.38±4.56 | 15.88±3.98 | 8.64±2.00 | -8.113 | 0.000 |
LVIDd/mm | 45.87±6.22 | 46.59±5.75 | 45.43±6.55 | -0.602 | 0.550 |
LVIDs/mm | 27.76±4.84 | 28.29±5.21 | 27.43±4.67 | -0.577 | 0.567 |
LVPW/mm | 9.44±2.56 | 11.82±1.74 | 8.00±1.79 | -7.032 | 0.000 |
The long axis Of RA/mm | 41.53±5.64 | 43.65±3.33 | 40.25±6.39 | -2.337 | 0.024 |
The minor axis Of RA/mm | 33.04±4.89 | 34.65±3.45 | 32.07±5.42 | -1.751 | 0.087 |
PA/mm | 21.16±3.15 | 22.18±2.33 | 20.54±3.45 | -1.734 | 0.090 |
LVEF | 69.71±6.42 | 69.82±7.16 | 69.64±6.07 | -0.090 | 0.928 |
SV/mL | 68.76±20.72 | 71.24±19.06 | 67.25±21.86 | -0.621 | 0.538 |
TAPSE/mm | 19.95±3.19 | 19.93±3.83 | 19.96±2.87 | 0.030 | 0.976 |
E/(cm/s) | 88.31±20.00 | 81.06±22.36 | 92.71±17.40 | 1.955 | 0.057 |
A/(cm/s) | 63.38±16.26 | 72.06±18.06 | 58.11±12.70 | -3.041 | 0.004 |
E/A | 1.49±0.54 | 1.16±0.34 | 1.69±0.55 | 3.518 | 0.001 |
E'-septal/(cm/s) | 8.73±3.42 | 5.88±2.26 | 10.50±2.77 | 5.795 | 0.000 |
E'-lateral/(cm/s) | 11.84±4.35 | 8.29±3.35 | 14.00±3.38 | 5.511 | 0.000 |
S'/(cm/s) | 11.96±2.02 | 11.53±2.38 | 12.21±1.77 | 1.104 | 0.276 |
E/E' average | 10.03±4.45 | 13.32±5.55 | 8.03±1.76 | -3.814 | 0.001 |
PASP/mmHg | 24.70±5.51 | 25.38±4.27 | 24.33±6.17 | -0.424 | 0.676 |
Papillary muscle disease | 10(22.2) | 6(35.3) | 4(14.3) | 2.701 | 0.100 |
LV Absolute Strain Value/ % | |||||
LS-endo | 19.32±3.79 | 18.60±3.27 | 19.76±4.07 | 0.993 | 0.326 |
LS-endo-api | 25.03±5.39 | 23.27±4.75 | 26.11±5.55 | 1.756 | 0.086 |
LS-endo-med | 17.37±6.50 | 18.43±8.84 | 16.72±4.63 | -0.854 | 0.398 |
LS-endo-bas | 14.28±4.26 | 14.39±3.65 | 14.21±4.66 | -0.135 | 0.894 |
LS-myo | 14.57±3.55 | 13.65±3.18 | 15.12±3.71 | 1.361 | 0.181 |
LS-myo-api | 14.70±3.85 | 13.45±3.02 | 15.46±4.45 | 1.734 | 0.090 |
LS-myo-med | 15.73±5.50 | 14.46±4.48 | 16.50±5.99 | 1.215 | 0.231 |
LS-myo-bas | 12.36±4.12 | 12.09±3.59 | 12.52±4.47 | 0.336 | 0.739 |
CS-endo | 30.14±6.24 | 30.62±6.03 | 29.84±6.47 | -0.401 | 0.690 |
CS-endo-api | 32.22±8.67 | 32.63±8.14 | 31.96±9.13 | -0.248 | 0.805 |
CS-endo-med | 29.34±7.61 | 29.71±8.39 | 29.10±7.24 | -0.257 | 0.799 |
CS-endo-bas | 23.66±7.49 | 25.47±6.27 | 22.52±8.07 | -1.281 | 0.207 |
CS-myo | 17.18±3.16 | 17.45±2.86 | 17.01±3.38 | -0.439 | 0.663 |
CS-myo-api | 17.92±4.88 | 17.12±4.91 | 18.42±4.89 | 0.853 | 0.399 |
CS-myo-med | 16.99±4.04 | 17.69±4.39 | 16.56±3.83 | -0.903 | 0.372 |
CS-myo-bas | 14.87±4.03 | 16.12±3.69 | 14.07±4.10 | -1.676 | 0.101 |
RS-endo-api | 17.25±10.94 | 16.05±10.91 | 18.03±11.09 | 0.574 | 0.569 |
RS-endo-med | 23.75±9.40 | 24.58±11.52 | 23.22±7.89 | -0.463 | 0.646 |
RS-endo-bas | 17.37±10.63 | 17.93±11.12 | 17.05±10.54 | -0.258 | 0.797 |
RS-myo-api | 17.27±10.89 | 16.12±10.80 | 18.03±11.09 | 0.556 | 0.581 |
RS-myo-med | 23.42±9.29 | 24.58±11.52 | 22.69±7.73 | -0.654 | 0.517 |
RS-myo-bas | 17.14±10.51 | 17.93±11.12 | 16.67±10.32 | -0.373 | 0.711 |
RV absolute strain value/% | |||||
LS-RV-endo | 20.10±5.32 | 19.95±4.37 | 20.18±5.87 | 0.138 | 0.891 |
LS-RV-myo | 14.80±4.81 | 13.99±.97 | 15.26±4.74 | 0.841 | 0.405 |
AFD: Anderson-Fabry Disease; AO: aorta; AAO: ascending aorta; LA: left atrial; RV: right ventricular; IVS: interventricular septum thickness; LVIDd: left ventricular diastolic internal dimension; LVIDs: left ventricular systolic internal dimension; LVPW: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; RA: right atrial; PA: pulmonary artery; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SV: Stroke volume; TAPSE: tricuspid annular systolic excursion; E: the peak early filling velocity of transmitral flow; A: the peak atrial filling velocity of transmitral flow; E': the average peak early filling velocity of septal and lateral mitral annulus; S’: tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; LS: longitudinal strain; CS: circumferential strain; RS: radial strain; endo: endocardium; myo: myocardium; api: apical segment; med: intermediate segment; bas: basal segment; P: compared between with left ventricular hypertrophy group and without left ventricular hypertrophy group.
AFD患者左心室和右心室心肌层的整体和各节段LS、CS的绝对值均低于心内膜的对应值(P 值均<0.05;
Absolute strain value/ % | Myocardial strain (n=45) | Endocardial strain (n=45) | t | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
LV-LS | 14.57±3.55 | 19.32±3.79 | 6.140 | 0.000 |
Api | 14.70±3.85 | 25.03±5.39 | 10.473 | 0.000 |
Med | 15.73±5.50 | 17.37±6.50 | 2.290 | 0.021 |
Bas | 12.36±4.12 | 14.28±4.26 | 2.171 | 0.033 |
LV-CS | 17.18±3.16 | 30.14±6.24 | 12.285 | 0.000 |
Api | 17.92±4.88 | 32.22±8.67 | 9.529 | 0.000 |
Med | 16.99±4.04 | 29.34±7.61 | 9.498 | 0.000 |
Bas | 14.87±4.03 | 23.66±7.49 | 6.852 | 0.000 |
RV-LS | 14.80±4.81 | 20.10±5.32 | 4.901 | 0.000 |
AFD: Anderson-Fabry Disease; LV: left ventricular; RV: right ventricular; LS: longitudinal strain; CS: circumferential strain; Api: apical segment; Bas: basal segment; Med: intermediate segment; P: compared between myocardial strain group and endocardial strain group.
除左心室中间段的心肌层CS外,AFD患者左心室心肌层中间段的LS、RS绝对值均较基底段和心尖段高(P 值均<0.05;
Absolute strain value/ % | Api(n=45) | Med(n=45) | Bas(n=45) | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LS | 14.70±3.85 | 15.73±5.50 | 12.36±4.12 | 6.483 | 0.002 |
CS | 17.92±4.88 | 16.99±4.04 | 14.87±4.03 | 5.726 | 0.004 |
RS | 17.27±10.89 | 23.42±9.29 | 17.14±10.51 | 5.353 | 0.006 |
AFD: Anderson-Fabry Disease; LS: longitudinal strain; CS: circumferential strain; RS: radial strain; Api: apical segment; Bas: basal segment; Med: intermediate segment; P: compared among Api group, Med group and Bas group.
本研究系统性分析了45例AFD患者的临床基线资料、超声心动图常规参数并进行心室应变分析,我们研究发现:①AFD患者常合并眼部病变、角质血管瘤等心脏外表现,且合并左室壁肥厚的AFD心脏外表现发生率更高;②左室壁肥厚的AFD患者左心室舒张功能更差;③早期AFD患者心肌应变改变与LVEF或左室壁厚度无直接关系;④心肌分层应变分析AFD患者左心室整体和各节段的心肌应变值绝对值较心内膜低;⑤按心室节段应变分析AFD患者心尖段和基底段心肌受累较重,中间段较轻。
既往研究表明,AFD患者常合并其他系统受累,但少数患者可仅表现为心脏受累表现,但缺乏特异性[
心脏和肾脏受累影响AFD患者的结局,心血管死亡是AFD患者死亡的主要原因[
2D-STE技术通过追踪心肌各观察点的相对运动与位移,得到心肌局部或整体在径向、周向及纵向三个方向的应变与应变率,从而反映心脏的功能,目前已成为早期评估或监测亚临床心肌功能障碍的敏感指标[
本研究提示心肌的中间段应变下降较心尖段和基底段少,说明中间段心肌受累较轻,基底段心肌受累较重。目前尚不清楚应变损伤这种特殊分布的原因。这可能是由于心脏各节段Gb3和相关鞘糖脂蓄积程度不同[
既往研究表明,在没有LVH的情况下,组织多普勒成像异常是AFD患者心肌功能障碍的主要特征[
鞘糖脂积累异常通常也可能累及瓣膜结构[
我们研究首次证明了AFD患者左心室整体和各节段的心肌层应变值较心内膜低,且基底段心肌层受累较重。该特征具有鉴别AFD心脏损害和肥厚型心肌病(HCM)的潜力。其特异性有待大样本研究进一步证实。2D-STE可无创、准确、迅速地评价AFD患者心室的整体与节段功能,是发现AFD患者的早期心室功能改变的重要技术。在疾病早期,AFD患者收缩功能障碍与左室壁厚度无明显关系。AFD患者心脏肌层受累较心内膜严重,对不明原因心脏肥厚的患者进行应变分层分析有助于鉴别AFD与肥厚型心肌病。
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