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Preclinic Research | Updated:2024-07-30
    • Shuxuetong Inhibits Bim-dependent Apoptosis of Cerebellar Granule Neurons

    • PAN Shenhao

      1 ,  

      CAO Dongfang

      12 ,  

      ZHAO Fanyi

      12 ,  

      ZHAO Sijie

      1 ,  

      ZHANG Chenghao

      1 ,  

      LIANG Jianfeng

      123 ,  

      WU Jianwei

      123 ,  

      YUAN Zhongmin

      12 ,  
    • Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences)   Vol. 45, Issue 4, Pages: 549-556(2024)
    • DOI:10.13471/j.cnki.j.sun.yat-sen.univ(med.sci).20240711.003    

      CLC: R741
    • Published:20 July 2024

      Received:20 May 2024

      Accepted:23 June 2024

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  • PAN Shenhao,CAO Dongfang,ZHAO Fanyi,et al.Shuxuetong Inhibits Bim-dependent Apoptosis of Cerebellar Granule Neurons[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences),2024,45(04):549-556. DOI: 10.13471/j.cnki.j.sun.yat-sen.univ(med.sci).20240711.003.

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    Abstract

    Objective

    To investigate the effect and mechanism of Shuxuetong and its main component hirudin on the apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats.

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    Methods

    CGNs incubated in vitro for 7 days were divided into survival control group or 25 K group (cultured in medium containing 25 mmol/L KCL) and apoptosis group or 5 K group (cultured in medium containing 5 mmol/L KCL). CGNs were separately treated with proportionally diluted and different concentrations of Shuxuetong (1/50, 1/40, 1/30, 1/20 and 1/10) and the corresponding different concentrations of hirudin (2, 2.5, 3.34, 5 and 10 U / mL). Hoechst staining was performed to analyze the apoptosis. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of Cleaved Caspase-3, Bim and VEGF.

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    Results

    Hoechst staining showed that 5 K group had a higher apoptosis rate than 25 K group. In 25 K group, there was no significant change in the apoptosis rate between neurons treated with different concentrations of Shuxuetong and hirudin, but significant changes was found in 5 K group and the higher the concentration, the lower the apoptosis rate. Western blot results revealed that, compared with control neurons in 5 K group, Shuxuetong injection and hirudin treatments resulted in a decrease of Cleaved Caspase-3 and Bim expression, but an increase of VEGF protein.

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    Conclusions

    Shuxuetong and its main component hirudin inhibits the apoptosis of CGNs through suppressing proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim.

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    Keywords

    cerebellar granule neurons; apoptosis; shuxuetong; hirudin; Bim; VEGF

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    神经元凋亡是脑缺血、神经退行性病变、神经炎症等疾病的病理损伤及预后不良的重要病因

    1-4。而Bim作为Bcl-2家族成员,在神经元凋亡中起着关键的作用,其上调可引起线粒体依赖的凋亡发生5。疏血通是临床治疗缺血性脑卒中的一线药物,临床适应证为急性缺血性脑卒中、脑梗死等疾病6。疏血通的主要成分为水蛭和地龙,每毫升的疏血通注射液中含有0.25克水蛭和0.25克地龙7。水蛭的主要成分为水蛭素,是迄今为止发现的最强凝血酶特异性抑制剂,具有很强的抗凝作用;地龙的主要成分为蚓激酶,是一种蛋白水解酶,具有溶栓作用8。这两种组分赋予疏血通优良的抗凝、溶栓和抗血小板功能,此外还有治疗感染性休克、改善侧支循环等功效9-10。近来发现,疏血通能转录上调组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tissue-type plasminogen activator,tPA)mRNA和tPA蛋白改善局灶脑缺血症状11。而且,疏血通可通过影响 ERK5/P70S6K 信号通路活性,改善缺氧引起的损伤和抑制血栓形成12,这些研究均提示疏血通在治疗缺血性脑卒中等疾病通过多种机制发挥作用。目前,关于疏血通在中枢神经系统神经元保护方面的研究甚少。本研究利用原代培养的大鼠小脑颗粒神经元凋亡模型,观察疏血通对神经元凋亡和存活的影响并探讨相关机制。
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    1 材料与方法

    1.1 实验材料

    1.1.1 实验动物

    7~8日龄Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠幼仔(雌雄不拘),无特定病原体(SPF)级,购自南方医科大学实验动物中心,生产许可号为SCXK(粤)2016-0041。实验温度维持在(25±5)°C,相对湿度维持在(50±5)%,确定未见任何异常情况后进行相关研究实验。本研究的动物实验已得到广州医科大学附属第二医院伦理委员会批准(伦理编号:A2021-009)。1.1.2 主要药物与试剂 疏血通购自牡丹江友搏制药厂,天然水蛭素购自中国广西科康科技集团有限公司。培养基BME、FBS、0.25%胰酶、PBS、青霉素-链霉素P/S和L-glutamine均购自Gibco公司,Trypsin、阿糖胞苷、Poly-L-lysine、ECL发光试剂、DNase、D-(+)glucose和Hoechst 33258荧光染料均购自Sigma公司,BSA、CaCl2、KCl、Trypsin inhibitor、MgSO4•7H2O均购自上海生工公司。24孔板和6孔板购自NEST公司,Anti-Caspase3、Anti-Bim、Anti-血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)均购自CST公司 ,Anti-β-Actin、Anti-GAPDH、Anti-α-Tubulin购自Proteintech公司。

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    1.2 实验方法

    1.2.1 小脑颗粒神经元培养

    小脑颗粒神经元(cerebellar granule neurons, CGNs)制备以及培养参考已发表文章

    13。简单来说,神经元从新鲜解剖的SD大鼠幼仔小脑中分离出来,用Krebs缓冲液中的胰蛋白酶进行消化以得到单细胞。然后将1.0×106个细胞/mL接种于含有25 mmol/L KCl(25 K)以及10 g/L胎牛血清的基础培养基BME中。接种24 h后,加入10 µmol/L的阿糖胞嘧啶。
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    1.2.2 钾剥夺凋亡模型建立及药物处理方法

    钾剥夺凋亡模型建立参考已发表文章

    13。将体外培养7 d的CGNs用25 mmol/L KCI不含血清的基础培养基和5 mmol/L KCI不含血清的基础培养基替换原培养基,这种处理方法分别称为高钾或25 K处理以及低钾或5 K处理。高钾或25 K处理能维持CGNs继续存活,而低钾或5 K处理则随培养时间延长,神经元表现为明显的凋亡特征。将疏血通注射液有效浓度分别稀释50倍、40倍、30倍、20倍、10倍(1/50组、1/40组、1/30组、1/20组、1/10组)以及对应不同浓度(2 U/mL、2.5 U/mL、3.34 U/mL、5 U/mL、10 U/mL)水蛭素加入细胞中作为实验组,疏血通以溶剂生理盐水(normal saline,NS)作为对照组,而水蛭素的对照组不做任何处理。用Hoechst 33258(5 µmol/L)或碘化丙啶(或PI,5 µmol/L)进行核染色测定细胞凋亡率13
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    1.2.3 Western blotting检测相关蛋白表达量

    Western blotting实验参考已发表文章

    13。用含蛋白酶抑制剂的细胞裂解液裂解细胞收集后进行超声破碎。根据检测目标蛋白质的分子量,选用适当浓度的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶进行电泳分离蛋白质裂解物,然后转移到PVDF膜中。用质量分数5%脱脂奶封闭1 h后,分别用一抗(Anti-Caspase-3、Anti-Bim、Anti-VEGF、Anti-β-Actin、Anti-GAPDH、Anti-α-Tubulin)4 ℃孵育过夜后用二抗(HRP标记抗兔或抗鼠二抗)室温孵育1 h并进行ECL显影。
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    1.2.4 Hoechst染色CGNs并计算细胞凋亡率

    在室温下用40 g/L多聚甲醛固定30 min。去除40 g/L多聚甲醛后用PBS洗两遍后将细胞与Hoechst 33258在室温下孵育15 min,在荧光倒置显微镜下观察神经元的凋亡情况。典型的细胞凋亡特征为细胞核皱缩,染色体凝聚形成凋亡小体。进行形态学观察和计数,计算凋亡率。凋亡率=凋亡细胞/细胞总数×100%。

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    1.3 统计学方法

    使用SPSS软件进行统计学处理,计量资料用均数±标准差(x¯±s)表示。两组间均数比较用两独立样本t检验。3组及以上样本比较则用单因素方差分析,随后的组间比较如符合方差齐性用LSD法,否则用Dunnett-t3进行检验。P<0.05被认为差异具有统计学意义。用GraphPad Prism进行可视化。

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    2 结 果

    2.1 疏血通注射液对CGNs存活和凋亡的影响

    将体外培养7天的CGNs切换到含有25 mmol/L KCl(25 K)和5 mmol/L KCl(5 K)的无血清BME培养基中,用稀释50、40、30、20、10倍数的疏血通注射液(1/50、1/40、1/30、1/20、1/10)和生理盐水(NS组)分别处理24 h后进行Hoechst染色。观察细胞形态以及细胞活力与各组之间的相关性。经方差分析,12组间差异有统计学意义(F=359.113,P=0.000;图1B);采用LSD法作两两比较,发现在25 K条件下,各组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05;图1A,B)。5 K条件下各稀释倍数的疏血通组均抑制神经元凋亡,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05;图1A,B)。相比于25 K条件下对照组细胞凋亡率为(8.12±2.89)% ,5 K条件下对照组细胞凋亡率增加到(67.62±1.74)% ,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000;图1B)。其中,1/50组细胞凋亡率为(39.24±2.24)% ,1/40组细胞凋亡率下降到(28.93±3.24)% ,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000);与1/40组的细胞凋亡率相比,1/30组细胞凋亡率下降到(22.77±1.70)% ,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000);与1/30组的细胞凋亡率相比,1/20组细胞凋亡率为(19.94±3.31)% ,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.043);与1/20组的细胞凋亡率相比,1/10组细胞凋亡率下降到(13.50±1.73)% ,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000)。综上所述,这些结果表明,疏血通注射液以浓度依赖抑制CGNs凋亡。

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    图1  疏血通以浓度依赖抑制5 K诱导的CGNs凋亡

    Fig. 1  Shuxuetong inhibited 5 K-induced apoptosis of CGNs in a concentration-dependent manner

    A: CGNs matured in vitro for 7 days were cultured in 25 K or 5 K medium containing different concentrations or without Shuxuetong injection for 24 hours and analyzed by Hoechst staining, scale bar is 5 μm. B: a P < 0.05, compared with 25 K NS. b P < 0.05, compared with 5 K NS. c P < 0.05, compared with 5 K 1/50. d P < 0.05, compared with 5 K 1/40. e P < 0.05, compared with 5 K 1/30. f P < 0.05, compared with 5 K 1/20. Data are shown as Mean ± SD. n=6.

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    2.2 疏血通注射液对5 K诱导的CGNs中凋亡相关蛋白Cleaved Caspase-3表达水平的影响

    蛋白印迹检测细胞凋亡的关键执行蛋白Caspase-3。经方差分析结果显示,6组间差异有统计学意义(F=9.863,P=0.001;图2B);采用LSD法作两两比较,发现与25 K对照组相比,5 K对照组剪切激活的Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.004;图2A,B)。与5 K对照组相比,5 K条件下各疏血通处理组Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(1/50:P=0.000;1/10:P=0.000;图2A,B)。综上所述,不同浓度的疏血通注射液均能明显抑制5 K诱导的CGNs凋亡。

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    图2  凋亡条件下疏血通抑制Cleaved Caspase-3表达

    Fig. 2  Shuxuetong inhibited the expression of Cleaved Caspase-3 under apoptotic conditions

    A: CGNs matured in vitro for 7 days were cultured in 25 K or 5 K medium containing different concentrations or without Shuxuetong injection for 12 hours, and the Cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression level was detected by Western blotting. B: The relative density of Cleaved Caspase-3 was analyzed by Image J software. a P < 0.05, compared with 25 K NS. b P < 0.05, compared with 5 K NS. Data are shown as Mean ± SD. n=3.

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    2.3 疏血通注射液对5 K诱导的CGNs中线粒体凋亡通路相关蛋白Bim表达水平的影响

    检测线粒体凋亡通路相关蛋白Bim的表达水平。经方差分析结果显示,6组间差异有统计学意义(F=9.037,P=0.001;图3B);采用LSD法作两两比较,发现与25 K对照组相比,5 K对照组Bim蛋白水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.003;图3A,B)。与5 K对照组相比,5 K条件下各疏血通处理组Bim蛋白水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(1/50:P=0.000;1/10:P=0.001;图3A,B)。结果表明疏血通注射液可通过抑制BH3-only蛋白Bim表达抑制5 K诱导的CGNs凋亡。

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    图3  凋亡条件下疏血通抑制Bim表达

    Fig. 3  Shuxuetong inhibited the expression of Bim under apoptotic conditions

    A:CGNs matured in vitro for 7 days were cultured in 25 K or 5 K medium containing different concentrations or without Shuxuetong injection for 12 hours, and the Bim protein expression level was detected by Western blotting. B:The relative density of Bim was analyzed by ImageJ software. a P < 0.05, compared with 25 K NS. b P < 0.05, compared with 5 K NS. Data are shown as Mean ± SD. n=3.

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    2.4 疏血通注射液对5 K诱导的CGNs中神经营养因子相关蛋白VEGF表达水平的影响

    检测神经营养因子相关蛋白VEGF的表达水平。经方差分析结果显示,6组间差异有统计学意义(F=3.136,P=0.049;图4B);采用LSD法作两两比较,发现与25 K对照组相比,5 K对照组VEGF蛋白水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.027;图4A,B)。与5 K对照组相比,疏血通处理组VEGF蛋白水平升高(1/50:P=0.011;1/10:P=0.007;图4A,B)。结果表明,疏血通注射液可能也通过上调神经营养因子VEGF蛋白表达水平抑制5 K诱导的CGNs凋亡。

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    图4  凋亡条件下疏血通抑制VEGF表达

    Fig. 4  Shuxuetong inhibited the expression of VEGF under apoptotic conditions

    A: CGNs matured in vitro for 7 days were cultured in 25 K or 5 K medium containing different concentrations or without Shuxuetong injection for 12 hours, and the VEGF protein expression level was detected by Western blotting. B: The relative density of VEGF was analyzed by ImageJ software. a P < 0.05, compared with 25 K NS. b P < 0.05, compared with 5 K NS. Data are shown as Mean ± SD. n=3.

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    2.5 水蛭素对CGNs存活和凋亡的影响

    为了进一步探讨疏血通的主要成分水蛭素对CGNs存活和凋亡的影响,将体外培养7天的CGNs切换到含有25 mmol/L KCl(25 K)和5 mmol/L KCl(5 K)的无血清BME培养基中,用参照不同浓度疏血通注射液对应的水蛭素(2 U/mL、2.5 U/mL、3.34 U/mL、5 U/mL、10 U/mL)分别处理24 h后进行Hoechst染色。观察细胞形态以及细胞活力与各组之间的相关性。经方差分析,12组间差异有统计学意义(F=628.761,P=0.000;图5B);采用LSD法作两两比较,发现在25 K条件下,各组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05;图5A,B)。5 K条件下不同单位的水蛭素组均抑制神经元凋亡,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05;图5A,B)。相比于25 K条件下未经任何处理的细胞凋亡率为(6.18±1.73)% ,5 K条件下未经任何处理的细胞凋亡率增加到(65.66±2.64)% ,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000;图5A,B)。其中,2 U/mL组细胞凋亡率为(30.40±2.64)% ,2.5 U/mL组细胞凋亡率下降到(26.84±1.51)% ,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.001);与2.5 U/mL组的细胞凋亡率相比,3.34 U/mL组细胞凋亡率下降到(23.36±1.04)% ,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.001);与3.34 U/mL组的细胞凋亡率相比,5 U/mL组细胞凋亡率为(20.49±1.22)% ,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.005);与5 U/mL组的细胞凋亡率相比,10U/ml组细胞凋亡率下降到(10.32±1.59)% ,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000)。综上所述,这些结果表明,水蛭素也以浓度依赖抑制CGNs凋亡。

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    图5  水蛭素以浓度依赖抑制5 K诱导的CGNs凋亡

    Fig. 5  Hirudin inhibited 5 K-induced apoptosis of CGNs in a concentration-dependent manner

    A: CGNs matured in vitro for 7 days were cultured in 25 K or 5 K medium containing different concentrations or without hirudin injection for 24 hours and analyzed by Hoechst staining, scale bar is 5 μm. B: a P < 0.05, compared with 25 K control group. b P < 0.05, compared with 5 K control group. c P < 0.05, compared with 5 K 2 U/mL. d P < 0.05, compared with 5 K 2.5 U/mL. e P < 0.05, compared with 5 K 3.34 U/mL. f P < 0.05, compared with 5 K 5 U/mL. Data are shown as Mean ± SD. n=6.

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    2.6 水蛭素对5 K诱导的CGNs中凋亡相关蛋白Cleaved Caspase-3表达水平的影响

    蛋白印迹检测细胞凋亡的关键执行蛋白Caspase-3。经方差分析结果显示,6组间差异有统计学意义(F=18.029,P=0.000;图6B);采用LSD法作两两比较,发现与25 K对照组相比,5 K对照组剪切激活的Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000;图6A,B)。与5 K对照组相比,5 K条件下各水蛭素处理组Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(2 U/mL:P=0.000;10 U/mL:P=0.000;图6A,B)。综上所述,不同浓度的水蛭素均能明显抑制5 K诱导的CGNs凋亡。

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    图6  凋亡条件下水蛭素抑制Cleaved Caspase-3表达

    Fig. 6  Hirudin inhibited the expression of Cleaved Caspase-3 under apoptotic conditions

    A: CGNs matured in vitro for 7 days were cultured in 25 K or 5 K medium containing different concentrations or without hirudin for 12 hours, and the Cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression level was detected by Western blotting. B: The relative density of Cleaved Caspase-3 was analyzed by Image J software. a P < 0.05, compared with 25 K control group. b P < 0.05, compared with 5 K control group. Data are shown as Mean ± SD. n=3.

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    2.7 水蛭素对5 K诱导的CGNs中线粒体凋亡通路相关蛋白Bim表达水平的影响

    检测线粒体凋亡通路相关蛋白Bim的表达水平。经方差分析结果显示,5组间差异有统计学意义(F=19.327,P=0.000;图7B);采用LSD法作两两比较,发现与25 K对照组相比,5 K对照组Bim蛋白水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000;图7A,B)。与5 K对照组相比,5 K条件下2U/ml水蛭素处理组Bim蛋白水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.001;图7A,B)。结果表明水蛭素通过抑制Bim表达抑制5 K诱导的CGNs凋亡。

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    图7  凋亡条件下水蛭素抑制Bim表达

    Fig. 7  Hirudin inhibited the expression of Bim under apoptotic conditions

    A: CGNs matured in vitro for 7 days were cultured in 25 K or 5 K medium containing different concentrations or without hirudin injection for 12 hours, and the Bim protein expression level was detected by Western blotting. B: The relative density of Bim was analyzed by ImageJ software. a P < 0.05, compared with 25 K control group. b P < 0.05, compared with 5 K control group. Data are shown as Mean ± SD. n=3.

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    3 讨 论

    过度神经元凋亡是造成缺血性脑卒中病理发展和梗死的重要病因之一

    14-15。激活的Caspase-3是执行凋亡的关键分子,通常在缺血后24 h就可以检测到显著激活,随后引起DNA片段化和核固缩等典型凋亡特征。作为调控凋亡的关键分子,Bcl-2家族蛋白发挥重要作用。Bcl-2家族蛋白以其结构不同分为抗凋亡Bcl-2亚家族蛋白如Bcl-2, Bcl-Xl, Mcl-1等,以及仅含有BH3结构域的促凋亡亚家族蛋白,如Bim, Puma, Noxa, Dp5等。Bim被证明在神经元、内皮细胞、淋巴细胞等细胞的凋亡中发挥重要作用。它被诱导表达后,通过激活Bax引起线粒体通透性增加和细胞色素C释放,最终激活Caspase-3依赖的凋亡16。本研究中我们首次发现疏血通处理可以显著下调Bim表达,抑制小脑颗粒神经元凋亡。这表明疏血通不仅具有抗凝和溶栓作用,可能还有直接的神经保护作用。但是水蛭素还是地龙的成分发挥这个功能,需要进一步探索。
    transl

    有学者发现疏血通注射液通过增强了小鼠缺血组织中VEGF在mRNA和蛋白质水平上的表达,并通过激活MYPT1/LIMK1/Cofilin通路诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞的细胞迁移和毛细管的形成,促进后肢缺血小鼠血管生成,从而改善缺血性疾病

    17。相关研究表明,恩格列净可以通过上调HIF-1α及其下游介质VEGF的蛋白表达,从而改善脑缺血/再灌注损伤所诱导的神经元凋亡18。同时,有研究发现长链非编码RNA H19过表达可降低miR-107,并增加VEGF的表达,从而抑制神经元凋亡,并改善缺氧缺血性脑损伤19。我们的研究进一步从细胞水平证实了疏血通处理小脑颗粒神经元也可以上调VEGF表达,这也可能是其发挥神经保护功能的机制之一。
    transl

    水蛭素是一种直接凝血酶抑制剂,是从药用水蛭唾液腺中分离出来的多肽,由64-66个氨基酸组成,分子量约为7 000 Da,是目前最强的天然凝血酶抑制剂;水蛭素作为一种抗凝、抗血栓药物,通过有效影响凝血酶引起的内在凝血步骤,在临床中得到广泛应用

    20-21
    transl

    除了优良抗凝血和抗血栓形成的作用外,水蛭素对氧化应激也有一定的干预作用,它能有效清除晶状体上皮细胞中的活性氧,上调超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽s-转移酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的表达,从而减少细胞凋亡

    22。水蛭素抑制凝血酶对脊髓背根神经元促凋亡作用,清除 ROS、上调 Nrf-2/HO-1通路23。水蛭素可显著逆转凝血酶引起神经损失和空间学习和记忆损伤24,阻止凝血酶诱导的神经元毒性和运动神经元凋亡25-26。此外,水蛭素在治疗肿瘤时也表现出良好的抗癌活性,包括胶质瘤、非小细胞肺癌、膀胱癌等27-28。我们首次发现水蛭素可以通过抑制Bim表达显著抑制小脑颗粒神经元凋亡,说明凝血酶可能在损伤后以及神经系统病理过程中发挥独立于凝血功能之外的有害作用,而含有水蛭素的疏血通是有效的靶向药物。
    transl

    总之,我们发现在小脑颗粒神经元中,疏血通通过上调VEGF表达、抑制Bim表达继而抑制Caspase-3依赖的神经元凋亡(图8)。本研究揭示了疏血通抑制小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的新机制,可能为疏血通治疗脑缺血提供新的理论支持和实验依据。但疏血通是否抑制皮层、海马等其他种类神经元的凋亡,以及调控Bim和VEGF表达的具体机制仍需进一步研究。

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    图8  疏血通神经保护机制示意图

    Fig. 8  The schematic diagram of Shuxuetong’s nerve protection mechanism

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