图 1 HE染色观察小鼠回肠和结肠组织病理改变
纸质出版日期:2023-01-20,
收稿日期:2022-10-14
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在“心与小肠相表里”中医理论指导下,探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型小鼠全肠道菌群移植,是否对正常小鼠回肠肠道微环境的影响更显著。
将14只6月龄无特定病原体的雄性APP/PS1双转基因AD模型小鼠的全肠道菌群,移植至6只混合抗生素处理过的同月龄同背景正常C57BL/6J小鼠肠道内,移植14 d后再定殖14 d,观察小鼠回肠和结肠组织病理变化,并采用16S核糖体RNA(16S rRNA)基因测序技术分析小鼠回肠和结肠菌群。
AD小鼠全肠道菌群移植到正常小鼠后,病理分析表明仅回肠组织出现粘膜层破坏和隐窝腺上皮细胞变性、坏死脱落;测序分析发现,仅回肠菌群的种类数量(P<0.01)、Chao1指数(P<0.01)和Simpson指数(P<0.01)降低且菌群组成和AD模型小鼠更相似。
AD模型小鼠全肠道菌群移植对正常小鼠回肠菌群多样性及组成的影响显著高于结肠菌群,同时导致回肠粘膜的病理损伤,表明回肠肠道微环境可能和AD的发生发展关系更加密切,与“心与小肠相表里”中医理论高度切合。
To investigate whether the whole intestinal microbiota transplantation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice has more significant effects on ileum intestinal microenvironment in normal mice under the guidance of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine that "interior-exterior relationship exists between the heart and small intestine".
The whole intestinal microbiota of fourteen 6-month-old specific pathogen free male APP/PS1 double-transgenic AD model mice was transplanted into the gut of six normal C57BL/6J mice of the same age and background treated with mixed antibiotics for 14 days. Then, after 14 days of normal rearing, the mice were sacrificed. Next, the pathological changes in the ileum and colon were observed, and the composition and diversity of the ileal and colonic microbiota was analyzed by sequencing.
After the whole intestinal microbiota of AD mice was transplanted into normal mice, pathological analysis showed that only the ileum tissue had mucosal damage and crypt gland epithelial cell degeneration, necrosis, and shedding. Moreover, the microbiota analysis found that only the number of genera (P<0.01), Chao1 index (P<0.01) and Simpson index of ileal microbiota in normal mice decreased (P<0.01), and the composition of intestinal microbiota was quite similar to that of AD model mice.
Under the effect of whole gut microbiota transplantation in AD mice, the diversity and composition of ileal microbiota change more than that of colonic microbiota in normal mice, and at the same time, it results in pathological damage to the ileal mucosa, indicating that the ileal microenvironment may be more closely related to the occurrence and development of AD, which is highly consistent with the traditional Chinese medicine theory of "interior-exterior relationship between heart and small intestine".
中医理论认为人体脏腑有表里相合的关系,使人体成为一个有机整体。“心与小肠相表里”是中医藏象基本理论之一,指出心与小肠通过经脉相互络属,互为表里,二者在生理和病理上相互作用、相互影响[
20只6月龄无特定病原体(specific pathogen free, SPF)雄性APP/PS1双转基因小鼠和12只同月龄同背景雄性野生型C57BL/6J小鼠购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司,许可证编号为SCXK(京)2019-0008。所有的动物体质量为32~34 g,被饲养于四川省科学院//四川省人民医院实验动物研究所,饲养环境为SPF级,温度为(22±2)℃,相对湿度为 (50±10) %,明暗周期为12 h/12 h,允许动物自由饮食饮水。整个实验阶段均严格地按照卫生部颁布的《医学实验动物管理实施细则》(1988 年)进行。并且本研究已通过西南交通大学动物伦理委员会批准,批准编号为:SWJTU-2001-001。
氨苄西林胶囊(批号HC20140024)购自联邦制药厂有限公司;甲硝唑片(批号 国药准字H42020388)购自华中药业股份有限公司;硫酸庆大霉素片(批号H50021076)购自重庆迪康长江制药有限公司;罗红霉素分散片(批号 国药准字H19980087)购自哈药集团制药六厂;16S Barcoding试剂盒(批号SQK-RAB204)、Ligation Sequencing试剂盒(批号SQK-LSK109)、Flow Cell Priming试剂盒(批号EXP-FLP002)和MinION Flow Cell(批号R9.4)购自美国Nanopore公司。
RM2016 型病理切片机(上海徕卡仪器有限公司); Eclipse Ci-L 型正置白光拍照显微镜(日本 Nikon);多功能酶标仪(厂家 Tecan,型号 F200);荧光定量仪(厂家 Applied Biosystems,型号9700);测序仪(厂家 Nanopore,型号GridION)。
在Li等人的基础上[
在文献报道的基础上[
适应性饲养3 d后,将所有小鼠分为4组:①正常组:6只C57BL/6J小鼠;②模型组:6只APP/PS1双转基因小鼠;③全肠道菌群移植组:6只C57BL/6J小鼠;④AD小鼠全肠道菌群供体组:14只APP/PS1双转基因小鼠。全肠道菌群移植组小鼠在适应性饲养后先进行为期7 d的抗生素处理,末次抗生素处理后,间隔2 d,每天灌胃0.2 全肠道菌群移植液,每天一次,连续14 d。模型组与正常组均同一时间,灌胃等体积生理盐水。移植结束后再正常饲养14 d,期间无任何操作,所有小鼠均自由饮食。
定植结束后,取1~2 cm回肠和结肠组织于40 g/L多聚甲醛中固定24 h。同时,采集适量回肠和结肠内容物置于无菌冻存管中,-80 ℃下冻存。
将样本脱水、包埋、切片和染色后观察各组动物回肠与结肠的组织病理情况。
根据文献[
实验结果均采用IBM SPSS Statistics22软件进行统计分析。三组定量资料如符合正态分布且方差齐,则采用单因素方差分析进行统计学分析,以最小显著性差异(Least significant difference,LSD)进行事后多重比较;三组定量资料若符合正态分布且方差不齐,则采用韦尔奇(Welch)单因素方差分析进行统计学分析,以盖姆斯-豪厄尔(Games-Howell)进行事后多重比较;三组定量资料若不符合正态分布,则采用克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯(Kruskal Wallis H)进行统计学分析。定量资料符合正态分布的用均值±标准差(ˉx±s)表示,不符合正态分布的按中位数M(P25~P75)表示,P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。
如
图 1 HE染色观察小鼠回肠和结肠组织病理改变
Fig. 1 Pathological changes of ileum and colon in mice observed through HE staining
Red arrows and circles indicate pathological changes (scaleplate: 50 μm). A: Ileum of mice in control group; B: Ileum of mice in model group; C: Ileum of mice in whole intestinal microbiota transplantation (WIMT) group; D: Colon of mice in control group; E: Colon of mice in model group; F: Colon of mice in WIMT group.
从
Groups | Ileac genus | Colonic genus |
---|---|---|
Control | 154 ± 23 | 190 ± 19 |
Model | 96 ± 122) | 178 ± 10 |
WIMT | 104 ± 222) | 168 ± 19 |
F | 10.075 | 1.809 |
P | 0.005 | 0.219 |
WIMT: Whole Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation; Comparison among multiple samples was performed using Fisher's one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by least significant difference (LSD) for post hoc test. 1) compared with control, P<0.05; 2) compared with control, P<0.01.
分析回肠和结肠菌群α-多样性发现(
Groups | Ileum | Colon | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Chao1 index | Simpson index | Chao1 index | Simpson index | |
Control | 507 ± 66 | 0.914 ± 0.025 | 600 ± 59 | 0.970 ± 0.011 |
Model | 355 ± 372) | 0.856 ± 0.0052) | 609 ± 78 | 0.950 ± 0.013 |
WIMT | 383 ± 472) | 0.863 ± 0.0052) | 556 ± 51 | 0.916 ± 0.060 |
F | 9.912 | 16.899 | 0.803 | 2.352 |
P | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.478 | 0.151 |
WIMT: Whole Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation; Larger Chao1 index means more community species. A higher Simpson index indicates a higher diversity. Comparison among multiple samples was performed using Fisher's ANOVA, followed by LSD for post hoc test. 1) compared with control, P<0.05; 2) compared with control, P<0.01.
就回肠菌群而言(
图 2 各组肠道菌群主坐标分析(PCoA)结果
Fig. 2 Results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of intestinal microbiota in each group
WIMT: Whole Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation; A: Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of ileac microbiota; B: PCoA analysis of colonic microbiota.
Groups | Ileum | Colon | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | PC1 | PC2 | |
Control | -0.197±0.138 | -0.031 (-0.058~0.122) | -0.078±0.044 | -0.149±0.189 |
Model | 0.108±0.0032) | -0.017 (-0.018~-0.000) | -0.127±0.014 | 0.103±0.090 |
WIMT | 0.089±0.0232) | 0.000 (-0.011~0.013) | 0.204±0.284 | 0.046±0.182 |
F/H | 9.598 | 2.808 | 4.268 | 2.710 |
P | 0.029 | 0.246 | 0.094 | 0.120 |
WIMT: Whole Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation; PC: Principal coordinate; Ileum PC1: 79.50%; Ileum PC2: 10.14%; Colon PC1: 45.80%; Colon PC2: 33.63%; Percentage represents the contribution value of the principal coordinate to the sample difference. "Ileum PC1" and "Colon PC1" were performed using Welch's ANOVA, followed by Games-Howell for post hoc test. "Ileum PC2" was performed using Kruskal Wallis H test. "Colon PC2" was performed using Fisher's ANOVA, followed by LSD for post hoc test. 2) compared with control, P<0.01.
具体而言(
Groups | Pseudomonas /% | Lactobacillus /% | Muribaculum /% |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 63.26±12.15 | 8.90±4.48 | 5.80±3.74 |
Model | 86.25±1.331) | 2.63±1.651) | 0.05±0.051) |
WIMT | 85.58±2.581) | 0.45±0.151) | 1.28±1.351) |
F | 8.04 | 15.31 | 12.62 |
P | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
WIMT: Whole Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation; Comparison among multiple samples was performed using Welch's ANOVA, followed by Games-Howell for post hoc test.1) compared with control, P<0.05.
由
Groups | Pseudomonas /% | Muribaculum /% | Bacteroides /% |
---|---|---|---|
Contorl | 16.63±3.04 | 0.06(0.05~0.15) | 8.02±4.60 |
Model | 13.52±1.30 | 0.19(0.15~0.20) | 10.00±2.23 |
WIMT | 24.89±6.36 | 0.11(0.03~0.23) | 7.36±5.83 |
F/H | 6.51 | 3.96 | 0.38 |
P | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.70 |
WIMT: Whole Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation; "Pseudomonas" was performed using Welch's ANOVA, followed by Games-Howell for post hoc test. "Muribaculum" was performed using Kruskal Wallis H test. "Bacteroides" was performed using Fisher's ANOVA, followed by LSD for post hoc test.
中医脏腑存在阴阳表里相合的关系,心与小肠通过经脉相互络属,手少阴经属心络小肠,手太阳经属小肠络心,两者一脏一腑,一阴一阳,一表一里,相互配合,功能上相互协调,病理上相互影响。中枢和包括肠道菌群在内的肠道微环境存在双向信号调节系统,二者通过自主神经系统、神经内分泌系统、免疫系统等交互调控,在人体生理病理中发挥重要作用[
原核微生物的16S rRNA能够用于微生物的分类鉴定和系统发育研究,被广泛应用于微生物生态学研究中[
在群落生态学的研究中,多样性包括了α-多样性和β-多样性等—α-多样性用来表征样本的物种丰富程度;β-多样性则用来表征样本间的变异,其关注点在样本间的差别上[
在物种组成方面,假单胞菌属是正常组、模型组和全肠道菌群移植组回肠菌群中最丰富的菌属,这可能是因为其属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria),而变形菌门是回肠正常生理状态下较丰富的常驻菌门[
本研究首次将AD模型小鼠全肠道菌群移植到正常小鼠肠道后,发现正常小鼠回肠组织、肠道菌群多样性及组成的改变均显著高于结肠,表明在“心与小肠相表里”的指导下,回肠肠道微环境可能和AD的发生发展关系更加密切,拓展了“心与小肠相表里”中医理论的现代科学内涵。不足的是,本研究主要从肠道菌群的角度探讨了回肠和结肠肠道微环境与AD的关系,对于肠道微环境其他组成部分(如菌群代谢、宿主代谢等)与AD的关系未深入探讨。
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