1.中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院产科,广东 广州 510120
2.中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院深汕中心医院产前诊断与医学遗传中心,广东 汕尾 516600
陈曼绮,第一作者,研究方向:产前筛查与基因检测,E-mail:cmq199107@126.com
付帅,通信作者,副主任医师,研究方向:围产期高危胎儿产前筛查与临床研究,E-mail:fush7@mail.sysu.edu.cn
收稿:2025-11-13,
修回:2026-02-12,
录用:2026-02-14,
纸质出版:2026-03-20
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陈曼绮,黄泽薇,徐琦等.家系全外显子组检测在胎儿股骨短小中的诊断应用[J].中山大学学报(医学科学版),2026,47(02):368-378.
CHEN Manqi,HUANG Zewei,XU Qi,et al.Clinical Utility of Whole Exome Sequencing in the Diagnosis of Fetal Short Femur[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences),2026,47(02):368-378.
陈曼绮,黄泽薇,徐琦等.家系全外显子组检测在胎儿股骨短小中的诊断应用[J].中山大学学报(医学科学版),2026,47(02):368-378. DOI: 10.11714/jsysu.med.YX20250170.
CHEN Manqi,HUANG Zewei,XU Qi,et al.Clinical Utility of Whole Exome Sequencing in the Diagnosis of Fetal Short Femur[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences),2026,47(02):368-378. DOI: 10.11714/jsysu.med.YX20250170.
目的
2
为了提升胎儿股骨短小(FL)的遗传学病因诊断水平,探讨全外显子组测序(WES)与染色体异常检测联合应用在产前诊断中的价值。
方法
2
选取2023年11月至2025年5月于中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院深汕中心医院产前诊断与医学遗传中心就诊的27例孕中晚期股骨短小胎儿[FL<同孕周第5百分位数或<-2标准差(SD)]为研究对象,采集羊水或脐血样本并行染色体核型分析(19例)、染色体微阵列分析(CMA)或低深度全基因组测序(CNV-seq)(27例),并开展家系三重全外显子组测序(Trio-WES)(27例)。检测结果依据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(ACMG)指南进行致病性解读。
结果
2
27例胎儿中,共17例检出26个基因组变异,包括染色体数目异常(嵌合型)、拷贝数变异(CNV)、单核苷酸变异(SNV)和插入缺失(INDEL)。其中11例病例检出的基因组变异可解释股骨短小的表型,总体诊断率为11/27,其中致病/疑似致病变异解释9例,意义不明变异(VUS)解释1例,另外染色体核型分析发现染色体数目异常(嵌合型)解释1例。CNV检测(CMA/CNV-seq)诊断率为2/27,WES诊断率为10/27,并在CNV检测阴性或意义不明病例中额外提升诊断率8/27。检出变异包括
FGFR3
、
SHOX
、
DUOX2
、
CLCN5
及
HBA1/HBA2
等基因相关致病突变。
结论
2
Trio-WES检测可显著提高胎儿股骨短小的遗传学诊断率,尤其适用于常规染色体检测无法明确病因的病例。核型分析仍具备检测低比例嵌合的染色体大片段异常的能力,可对WES及CNV检测形成有效补充。推荐在产前诊断中采用阶梯式或并行遗传检测策略,以优化诊断效能与临床决策支持。
Objective
2
To enhance the genetic diagnostic yield for fetal short femur length (FL) and to evaluate the integration of whole exome sequencing (WES) with chromosomal abnormality detection in prenatal diagnosis.
Methods
2
A total of 27 mid-to-late trimester fetuses diagnosed with short FL [FL < 5th percentile for gestational age or < -2 SD (Standard Deviation)] at the Prenatal Diagnosis And Medical Genetics Center,Shenshan Medical Center,Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University between November 2023 and May 2025 were included. Amniotic fluid or umbilical cord blood samples were collected and subjected to chromosomal karyotyping (19cases), chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) or low-coverage whole genome copy number variation(CNV-Seq) (27 cases), and trio-based whole exome sequencing (trio-WES) (27 cases). The pathogenicity of genetic variants were interpreted according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines.
Results
2
Twenty-six genomic variants were detected in 17 of the 26 fetuses, including numerical chromosomal abnormalities (mosaic type), copy number variations (CNVs), single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertions-deletions (INDELs). Genomic variants detected in 11 cases could explain the short femur phenotype.The overall diagnostic rate was 11/27, with pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants explaining 9 cases and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) accounting for 1 cases. In addition Chromosomal karyotype analysis revealed chromosome mosaicism explaining 1 case. The diagnostic rate of CNV detection (CMA/CNV-seq) was 2/27, while WES achieved a diagnostic rate of 10/27, with an incremental yield of 8/27 in cases with negative or inconclusive CNV results. Pathogenic mutations involved genes such as
FGFR3, SHOX, DUOX2, CLCN5
, and
HBA1/HBA2
.
Conclusion
2
Trio-WES significantly improves the genetic diagnostic rate for fetal short femur length, particularly in cases where chromosomal analysis fails to identify a cause. Karyotyping remains valuable for detecting low-level mosaicism in large-scale chromosomal abnormalities, thereby complementing WES and CNV detection. A stepwise or parallel genetic testing strategy is recommended in prenatal diagnosis to optimize diagnostic efficiency and support clinical decision-making.
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