中山大学肿瘤防治中心//华南恶性肿瘤防治全国重点实验室//广东省鼻咽癌诊治研究重点实验室//广东省恶性肿瘤临床医学研究中心实验研究部,广东 广州 510060
杨彩波,第一作者,E-mail: yangcb@sysucc.org.cn。
符立梧,通信作者,教授,博士生导师。中山大学肿瘤防治中心职代会常设委员会主任,抗癌药物研究室主任,伦理委员会副主任。广东省药理学会肿瘤药理专业委员会和广东省抗癌协会抗肿瘤药物专业委员会荣誉主任委员。Acta Pharm Sin B,Drug Resist Update,Cancer Commun,Am J Cancer Res,Mol Pharmacol等国内外30多种杂志编委。先后主持国家自然科学基金联合重点项目和面上项目、863项目、973课题和国家科技重大专项课题等科研项目多项,相关研究成果发表在Cancer Res,Mol Cancer,Adv Sci,Signal Transduct Target Ther,Drug Resist Updat,Nat Commun,Acta Pharm Sin B等国际知名期刊。获得首届中国药理学会-Servier奖、中国抗癌协会科技成果一等奖、广东省科技进步奖一等奖(自然科学类)、教育部科技进步奖二等奖、广东省丁颖奖、广东省特支计划领军人才和第一批广东省医学领军人才。E-mail: fulw@mail.sysu.edu.cn
收稿:2026-02-14,
修回:2026-06-05,
录用:2026-06-17,
网络首发:2026-07-21,
纸质出版:2026-07-20
移动端阅览
杨彩波,符立梧.免疫检查点抑制剂耐药机制研究进展[J].中山大学学报(医学科学版),2026,47(04):613-626.
YANG Caibo,FU Liwu.Advances in Research on Mechanisms of Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences),2026,47(04):613-626.
杨彩波,符立梧.免疫检查点抑制剂耐药机制研究进展[J].中山大学学报(医学科学版),2026,47(04):613-626. DOI: 10.11714/jsysu.med.YX20260030.
YANG Caibo,FU Liwu.Advances in Research on Mechanisms of Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences),2026,47(04):613-626. DOI: 10.11714/jsysu.med.YX20260030.
免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)通过解除对免疫系统的抑制性调控机制,恢复并增强机体的抗肿瘤免疫应答,为肿瘤治疗带来里程碑式飞跃,彻底改变了多种恶性肿瘤的治疗模式,使部分患者的生存期显著延长。然而,临床实践中发现多数患者对ICIs治疗产生原发性耐药(初始治疗无应答)或获得性耐药(疾病得到控制后出现的耐药),极大地限制了其在临床上的广泛应用。ICIs耐药表型的产生可能源于不同的生物学机制,耐药机制复杂,涉及肿瘤细胞自身特性改变、肿瘤微环境重塑以及机体免疫系统状态等多个层面。深入探究ICIs耐药机制,全面理解这些过程有助于开发针对性克服耐药策略,提高癌症免疫治疗疗效,具有重要临床意义与广阔的应用前景。本文就ICIs耐药机制进行重点介绍,同时对克服耐药策略的研究进展也进行了综述。耐药机制包括肿瘤细胞内在因素、肿瘤细胞微环境因素、免疫逃逸相关机制以及药物相关因素等;克服耐药策略涵盖联合治疗、开发新靶点药物、调节肿瘤微环境等方面,旨在为提高ICIs治疗效果提供理论基础。
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) restore and enhance anti-tumor immune responses by relieving the suppressive regulatory mechanisms of the immune system, representing a landmark breakthrough in oncology that has fundamentally transformed the therapeutic paradigms for multiple malignancies and significantly prolonged survival in a subset of patients. However, clinical practice has revealed that the majority of patients develop primary resistance (initial non-response to therapy) or acquired resistance (resistance emerging after initial disease control) to ICIs treatment, substantially limiting their broad clinical application. The emergence of ICIs-resistant phenotypes may arise from diverse biological mechanisms, with complex and multifaceted resistance mechanisms encompassing alterations in tumor cell-intrinsic characteristics, tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling, and host immune system status. In-depth investigation into ICIs resistance mechanisms and comprehensive understanding of these processes are essential for developing targeted resistance-overcoming strategies and improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, which hold significant clinical implications and broad application prospects. This review provides a focused overview of ICIs resistance mechanisms with a summary of research advances in resistance-overcoming strategies. Resistance mechanisms include tumor cell-intrinsic factors, tumor microenvironmental factors, immune evasion-related mechanisms, and drug-related factors while resistance-overcoming strategies encompass combination therapies, novel target drug development, and tumor microenvironment modulation. With the understanding we aim to establish a theoretical foundation for enhancing ICIs therapeutic efficacy.
Wei J , Li WK , Zhang PF , et al . Current trends in sensitizing immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment [J]. Mol Cancer , 2024 , 23 ( 1 ): 279 .
Reck M , Frost N , Peters S , et al . Treatment of NSCLC after chemoimmunotherapy - are we making headway? [J]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol , 2025 , 22 ( 11 ): 806 - 830 .
Larkin J , Chiarion-Sileni V , Gonzalez R , et al . Five-year survival with combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma [J]. N Engl J Med , 2019 , 381 : 1535 - 1546 .
Antonia SJ , Borghaei H , Ramalingam SS , et al . Four-year survival with nivolumab in patients with previously treated advancednon-small-cell lung cancer: a pooled analysis [J]. Lancet Oncol , 2019 , 20 : 1395 - 1408 .
Almawash S . Revolutionary cancer therapy for personalization and improved efficacy: strategies to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy [J]. Cancers (Basel) , 2025 , 17 ( 5 ): 880 .
Liu TF , Cheng SW , Peng B , et al . PD-L2 of tumor-derived exosomes mediates the immune escape of cancer cells via the impaired T cell function [J]. Cell Death Dis , 2024 , 15 ( 11 ): 800 .
Yi M , Zheng XL , Niu MK , et al . Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions [J]. Mol Cancer , 2022 , 21 ( 1 ): 28 .
Yang C , Wang XP , To KKW , et al . Circulating tumor cells shielded with extracellular vesicle-derived CD45 evade T cell attack to enable metastasis [J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther , 2024 , 9 ( 1 ): 84 .
Banta KL , Xu XZ , Chitre AS , et al . Mechanistic convergence of the TIGIT and PD-1 inhibitory pathways necessitates co-blockade to optimize anti-tumor CD8 + T cell responses [J]. Immunity , 2022 , 55 ( 3 ): 512 - 526.e9 .
Kimura K , Subramanian A , Yi ZR , et al . Immune checkpoint TIM-3 regulates microglia and Alzheimer's disease [J] . Nature , 2025 , 641 ( 8063 ): 718 - 731 .
Baghdadi M , Jinushi M . The impact of the TIM gene family on tumor immunity and immunosuppression [J]. Cell Mol Immunol , 2014 , 11 ( 1 ): 41 - 48 .
Zhu B , Chen PJ , Aminu M , et al . Spatial and multiomics analysis of human and mouse lung adenocarcinoma precursors reveals TIM-3 as a putative target for precancer interception [J]. Cancer Cell , 2025 , 43 ( 6 ): 1125 - 1140 .
Qin S , Xu LP , Yi M , et al . Novel immune checkpoint targets: moving beyond PD-1 and CTLA-4 [J]. Mol Cancer , 2019 , 18 : 155 .
Zhu ZH , Ding R , Yu W , et al . YAP/TEAD4/SP1-induced VISTA expression as a tumor cell-intrinsic mechanism of immunosuppression in colorectal cancer [J]. Cell Death Differ , 2025 , 32 ( 5 ): 911 - 925 .
Luo M , Wang XP , Wu SC , et al . A20 promotes colorectal cancer immune evasion by upregulating STC1 expression to block "eat-me" signal [J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther , 2023 , 8 ( 1 ): 312 .
Chen YL , Lin HW , Chien CL , et al . BTLA blockade enhances cancer therapy by inhibiting IL-6/IL-10-induced CD19 high B lymphocytes [J]. J Immunother Cancer , 2019 , 7 ( 1 ): 313 .
Yang C , Liu C , Xia CL , et al . Clinical applications of circulating tumor cells in metastasis and therapy [J]. J Hematol Oncol , 2025 , 18 ( 1 ): 80 .
Wang J , Sun JW , Liu LN , et al . Siglec-15 as an immune suppressor and potential target for normalization cancer immunotherapy [J]. Nat Med , 2019 , 25 ( 4 ): 656 - 666 .
Alsaafeen BH , Ali BR , Elkord E . Resistance mechanisms to immune checkpoint inhibitors: updated insights [J]. Mol Cancer , 2025 , 24 ( 1 ): 20 .
Lo JW , Schroeder JH , Roberts LB . CTLA-4 expressing innate lymphoid cells modulate mucosal homeostasis in a microbiota dependent manner [J]. Nat Commun , 2024 , 15 ( 1 ): 9520 .
Ochoa de Olza M , Navarro Rodrigo B , Zimmermann S , et al . Turning up the heat on non-immunoreactive tumours: opportunities for clinical development [J]. Lancet Oncol , 2020 , 21 : e419 - e430 .
Fares CM , Van Allen EM , Drake CG , et al . Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint blockade: why does checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy not work for all patients? [J]. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book , 2019 , 39 : 147 - 164 .
Sun SB , Liu LC , Zhang JK , et al . The role of neoantigens and tumor mutational burden in cancer immunotherapy: advances, mechanisms, and perspectives [J]. J Hematol Oncol , 2025 , 18 ( 1 ): 84 .
Liao WY , Zhou XW , Lin HS , et al . Interplay between tumor mutation burden and the tumor microenvironment predicts the prognosis of pan-cancer anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy [J]. Front Immunol , 2025 , 16 : 1557461 .
Castro J , Daniels MH , Brennan D , et al . A potent, selective, small-molecule inhibitor of DHX9 abrogates proliferation of microsatellite instable cancers with deficient mismatch repair [J]. Cancer Res , 2025 , 85 ( 4 ): 758 - 776 .
Li Z , Su Y , Cui YB , et al . Multi-sequence MRI-based clinical-radiomics models for the preoperative prediction of microsatellite instability-high status in endometrial cancer [J]. Precis Radiat Oncol , 2025 , 9 ( 1 ): 43 - 53 .
Morad G , Helmink BA , Sharma P , et al . Hallmarks of response, resistance,and toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade [J]. Cell , 2021 , 184 : 5309 - 5337 .
André T , Elez E , Lenz HJ , et al . Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus nivolumab in microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer (CheckMate 8HW): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial [J]. Lancet , 2025 , 405 ( 10476 ): 383 - 395 .
Yang Y , Li SJ , To KKW , et al . Tumorassociated macrophages remodel the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment and targeted therapy for immunotherapy [J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res , 2025 , 44 ( 1 ): 145 .
Pan C , Wang XP , Yang C , et al . The culture and application of circulating tumor cell-derived organoids [J]. Trends Cell Biol , 2025 , 35 ( 5 ): 364380 .
Peng WY , Chen JQ , Liu CW , et al . Loss of PTEN promotes resistance to T cell-mediated immunotherapy [J]. Cancer Discov , 2016 , 6 ( 2 ): 202 - 216 .
Luke JJ , Bao RY , Sweis R , et al . WNT/β-catenin pathway activation correlates with immune exclusion across human cancers [J]. Clin Cancer Res , 2019 , 25 ( 10 ): 3074 - 3083 .
Skoulidis F , Goldberg ME , Greenawalt DM , et al . STK11/LKB1 mutations and PD-1 inhibitor resistance in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma [J]. Cancer Discov , 2018 , 8 ( 7 ): 822 - 835 .
Pore N , Wu S , Standifer N , et al . Resistanceto durvalumab and durvalumab plus tremelimumab is associated with functional STK11mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and is reversed by STAT3 knockdown [J]. Cancer Discov , 2021 , 11 ( 11 ): 2828 - 2845 .
Mograbi B , Heeke S , Hofman P . The importance of STK11/LKB1 assessment innon-small cell lung carcinomas [J]. Diagnostics (Basel) , 2021 , 11 ( 2 ): 196 .
Davis AP , Cooper WA , Boyer M , et al . Efficacy of immunotherapy in KRAS-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer with comutations [J]. Immunotherapy , 2021 , 13 ( 11 ): 941 - 952 .
Pan LN , Ma YF , Li Z , et al . KRAS G12V mutation upregulates PD-L1expression via TGF-/EMT signalling pathway in human non-small-cell lung cancer [J]. Cell Biol Int , 2021 , 45 ( 4 ): 795 - 803 .
Liu CM , Zheng SF , Wang ZY , et al . KRAS-G12D mutationdrives immune suppression and the primary resistance of anti-PD-1/PD-L1immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer [J]. Cancer Commun (Lond) , 2022 , 42 ( 9 ): 828 - 847 .
Cheng H , Fan K , Luo GP , et al . Kras G12D mutationcontributes to regulatory T cell conversion through activation of the MEK/ERK pathway inpancreatic cancer [J]. Cancer Lett , 2019 , 446 : 103 - 111 .
Liao WT , Overman MJ , Boutin AT , et al . KRAS-IRF2 axisdrives immune suppression and immune therapy resistance in colorectal cancer [J]. Cancer Cell , 2019 , 35 ( 4 ): 559 - 572.e7 .
Jeong H , Koh J , Kim S , et al . Cell-intrinsic PD-L1 signaling drives immunosuppression by myeloid-derived suppressor cells through IL-6/Jak/Stat3 in PD-L1-high lung cancer [J]. J Immunother Cancer , 2025 , 13 ( 3 ): e010612 .
Sanchez JC , Pierpont TM , Argueta-Zamora D , et al . PTEN loss in glioma cell lines leads to increased extracellular vesicle biogenesis and PD-L1 cargo in a PI3K-dependent manner [J]. J Biol Chem , 2025 , 301 ( 2 ): 108143 .
Melero I , de Miguel Luken M , de Velasco G , et al . Neutralizing GDF-15 can overcome anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 resistance in solid tumours [J]. Nature , 2025 , 639 ( 8054 ): E18 .
Wang XD , Yang XH , Huang C , et al . Tumor-derived extracellular vesicle PD-1 promotes tumor immune evasion via disruption of peripheral T cell homeostasis [J]. Cancer Lett , 2025 , 612 : 217486 .
Cheng H , Nan F , Ji N , et al . Regulatory T cell therapy promotes TGF-β and IL-6-dependent pro-inflammatory Th17 cell generation by reducing IL-2 [J]. Nat Commun , 2025 , 6 ( 1 ): 7644 .
Pan Y , Zhou HQ , Sun ZQ , et al . Regulatory T cells in solid tumor immunotherapy: effect, mechanism and clinical application [J]. Cell Death Dis , 2025 , 16 ( 1 ): 277 .
Ibrahim A , Abdalsalam NMF , Liang ZH , et al . MDSC checkpoint blockade therapy: a new breakthrough point overcoming immunosuppression in cancer immunotherapy [J]. Cancer Gene Ther , 2025 , 32 ( 4 ): 371 - 392 .
Xu JS , Ding L , Mei JF , et al . Dual roles and therapeutic targeting of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor microenvironments [J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther , 2025 , 10 ( 1 ): 268 .
Wu B , Zhang B , Li BW , et al . Cold and hot tumors: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy [J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther , 2024 , 9 ( 1 ): 274 .
Jenkins L , Jungwirth U , Avgustinova A , et al . Cancer-associated fibroblasts suppress CD8 + T-cell infiltration and confer resistance to immune-checkpoint blockade [J]. Cancer Res , 2022 , 82 ( 16 ): 2904 - 2917 .
Olson B , Li Y , Lin Y , et al . Mouse models for cancer immunotherapy research [J]. Cancer Discov , 2018 , 8 ( 11 ): 1358 - 1365 .
Wang WL , Liao P , He YJ , et al . A gene polymorphism in PD-L1 promoter region is not associated with PD-L1 expression and patients' survival in gastric cancer [J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother , 2017 , 66 ( 10 ): 1379 - 1381 .
Memon D , Schoenfeld AJ , Ye D , et al . Clinical and molecular features of acquired resistance to immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer [J]. Cancer Cell , 2024 , 42 ( 2 ): 209 - 224.e9 .
Zaretsky JM , Garcia-Diaz A , Shin DS , et al . Mutations associated with acquired resistance to PD-1 blockade in melanoma [J]. N Engl J Med , 2016 , 375 ( 9 ): 819 - 829 .
Song JW , Yang P , Chen CT , et al . Targeting epigenetic regulators as a promising avenue to overcome cancer therapy resistance [J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther , 2025 , 10 ( 1 ): 219 .
Gettinger S , Choi J , Hastings K , et al . Impaired HLA class I antigen processing and presentation as a mechanism of acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer [J]. Cancer Discov , 2017 , 7 ( 12 ): 1420 - 1435 .
Wang B , Han Y , Zhang YY , et al . Overcoming acquired resistance to cancer immune checkpoint therapy: potential strategies based on molecular mechanisms [J]. Cell Biosci , 2023 , 13 ( 1 ): 120 .
Yang EL , Wang X , Gong ZY , et al . Exosome-mediated metabolic reprogramming: the emerging role in tumor microenvironment remodeling and its influence on cancer progression [J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther , 2020 , 5 ( 1 ): 242 .
Yuan YC , Niu Y , Huang ZK , et al . USP14-mediated metabolic competition impairs CD8 + T cell immunosurveillance in hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 2025 , 122 ( 38 ): e2510576122 .
Wu K , Li L , Liu Y , et al . PCK1 deficiency promotes MASH-HCC progression by 12-HETE-induced CD8+ T cell dysfunction [J]. Gut , 2025 : gutjnl-2024-334562.
Giri S , Lamichhane G , Pandey J , et al . Immune modulation and immunotherapy in solid tumors: mechanisms of resistance and potential therapeutic strategies [J]. Int J Mol Sci , 2025 , 26 ( 7 ): 2923 .
Zhang A , Fan T , Liu YX , et al . Regulatory T cells in immune checkpoint blockade antitumor therapy [J]. Mol Cancer , 2024 , 23 ( 1 ): 251 .
Ghebremedhin A , Athavale D , Zhang YT , et al . Tumor-associated macrophages as major immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment [J]. Cancers (Basel) , 2024 , 6 ( 19 ): 3410 .
Masuda H . Cancer-associated fibroblasts in cancer drug resistance and cancer progression: a review [J]. Cell Death Discov , 2025 , 11 ( 1 ): 341 .
Gómez-Escudero J , Berlana-Galán P , Guerra-Paes E , et al . Vascular disruption therapy as a new strategy for cancer treatment [J]. Int J Mol Sci , 2025 , 26 ( 20 ): 10085 .
Barroux M , Househam J , Lakatos E , et al . Evolutionary and immune microenvironment dynamics during neoadjuvant treatment of esophageal adenocarcinoma [J]. Nat Cancer , 2025 , 6 ( 5 ): 820 - 837 .
Zielińska MK , Ciążyńska M , Sulejczak D , et al . Mechanisms of resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma and strategies to overcome it [J]. Biomolecules , 2025 , 15 ( 2 ): 269 .
Zhou CB , Zhou YL , Fang JY . Gut microbiota in cancer immune response and immunotherapy [J]. Trends Cancer , 2021 , 7 ( 7 ): 647 - 660 .
Galle P , Finn RS , Mitchell CR , et al . Treatment-emergent antidrug antibodies related to PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 inhibitors across tumor types: a systematic review [J]. J Immunother Cancer , 2024 , 12 ( 1 ): e008266 .
Zhang L , Zhou C , Zhang SO , et al . Chemotherapy reinforces anti-tumor immune response and enhances clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors [J]. Front Oncol , 2022 , 12 : 939249 .
Garassino MC , Gadgeel S , Speranza G , et al . Pembrolizumab plus Pemetrexed and Platinum in nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer: 5-year outcomes from the phase 3 KEYNOTE-189 study [J]. J Clin Oncol , 2023 , 41 ( 11 ): 1992 - 1998 .
Gao JW , Wang ZH , Fu JY , et al . Combination treatment with cisplatin, paclitaxel and olaparib has synergistic and dose reduction potential in ovarian cancer cells [J]. Exp Ther Med , 2021 , 22 ( 3 ): 935 .
Peng SX , Long ML , Chen QS , et al . Perspectives on cancer therapy—synthetic lethal precision medicine strategies, molecular mechanisms, therapeutic targets and current technical challenges [J]. Cell Death Discov , 2025 , 11 ( 1 ): 179 .
Li YJ , Jiang HH , Qian FF , et al . Efficacy of ICI-based treatment in advance.ed NSCLC patients with PD-L1≥50% who developed EGFR-TKI resistance [J]. Front Immunol , 2023 , 14 : 1161718 .
Lee C , Kim MJ , Kumar A , et al . Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives [J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther , 2025 , 10 ( 1 ): 170 .
Cheng HY , Zong LJ , Kong YJ , et al . Camrelizumab plus apatinib in patients with high-risk chemorefractory or relapsed gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (CAP 01): a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial [J]. Lancet Oncol , 2021 , 22 ( 11 ): 1609 - 1617 .
Damei I , Caidi A , Auclin E , et al . Different tumour-resident memory T-cell subsets regulate responses to anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 cancer immunotherapies [J]. Nat Commun , 2025 , 16 ( 1 ): 5588 .
Wolchok JD , Chiarion-Sileni V , Rutkowski P , et al . Final, 10-year outcomes with Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in advanced melanoma [J]. N Engl J Med , 2025 , 392 ( 1 ): 11 - 22 .
Cui HZ , Hamad M , Elkord E . TIGIT in cancer: from mechanism of action to promising immunotherapeutic strategies [J]. Cell Death Dis , 2025 , 16 ( 1 ): 664 .
Guan XN , Hu RZ , Choi Y , et al . Anti-TIGIT antibody improves PD-L1 blockade through myeloid and Treg cells [J]. Nature , 2024 , 627 ( 8004 ): 646 - 655 .
Grippin AJ , Marconi C , Copling S , et al . SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines sensitize tumours to immune checkpoint blockade [J]. Nature , 2025 , 647 ( 8089 ): 488 - 497 .
Dreute J , Stengel J , Becher J , et al . Synergistic targeting of cancer cells through simultaneous inhibition of key metabolic enzymes [J]. Cell Death Differ , 2025 , 32 ( 12 ): 2239 - 2256 .
Li H , Chen YG , Gregorova M , et al . Targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling enhances the efficacy of anti-CD38 immunotherapy in multiple myeloma [J]. Neoplasia , 2025 , 70 : 101242 .
Huang LL , Lu WQ , Wu RY , et al . Interferon-driven CAF reprogramming augments immunogenic response to neoadjuvant radiotherapy in colorectal cancer [J]. Cell Rep Med , 2025 , 6 ( 8 ): 102251 .
Lamplugh ZL , Wellhausen N , June CH , et al . Microenvironmental regulation of solid tumour resistance to CAR T cell therapy [J]. Nat Rev Immunol , 2026 , 26 ( 3 ): 230 - 248 .
Tian H , Li WX , Wang GH , et al . Metal-phenolic nanomaterial with organelle-level precision primes antitumor immunity via mtDNA-dependent cGAS-STING activation [J]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl , 2024 , 63 ( 50 ): e202411498 .
0
浏览量
17
下载量
0
CSCD
关联资源
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
京公网安备11010802024621
