西藏民族大学藏药检测技术教育部工程研究中心//西藏自治区高原病分子遗传机制与干预研究重点实验室//高原环境与疾病相关基因研究高校重点实验室,西藏民族大学医学院,陕西 咸阳 712082
HE Shumei; E-mail: 573447802@qq.com
收稿:2026-06-20,
修回:2026-08-30,
录用:2026-09-06,
纸质出版:2026-09-20
移动端阅览
何树梅,倪书奕,徐梦圆等.没食子酸对卡介苗感染巨噬细胞的免疫调控[J].中山大学学报(医学科学版),2026,47(05):843-856.
HE Shumei,NI Shuyi,XU Mengyuan,et al.Immunoregulatory Effects of Gallic Acid on BCG-infected Macrophages[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences),2026,47(05):843-856.
何树梅,倪书奕,徐梦圆等.没食子酸对卡介苗感染巨噬细胞的免疫调控[J].中山大学学报(医学科学版),2026,47(05):843-856. DOI: 10.11714/jsysu.med.YX20260089.
HE Shumei,NI Shuyi,XU Mengyuan,et al.Immunoregulatory Effects of Gallic Acid on BCG-infected Macrophages[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences),2026,47(05):843-856. DOI: 10.11714/jsysu.med.YX20260089.
目的
2
探讨没食子酸(GA)在卡介苗(BCG)感染巨噬细胞中的宿主免疫调控作用及其分子机制,为结核分枝杆菌的宿主导向抗结核研究提供实验依据。
方法
2
采用刃天青显色法测定GA对BCG的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),结合细菌生长曲线、MTT比色法评价GA对BCG增殖及侵袭能力的影响。构建BCG感染RAW264.7巨噬细胞模型,设置感染对照组(Ctrl)、异烟肼(INH)组及GA低、中、高剂量组。采用流式细胞术联合细菌铺板计数检测胞内BCG存活;AnnexinV-APC/7-AAD 双染法检测细胞凋亡,qRT-PCR检测凋亡相关基因
Caspase-3
、
Bcl-2
mRNA表达;流式细胞术检测巨噬细胞极化表型;DHE探针检测胞内活性氧(ROS);Griess法检测上清一氧化氮(NO);ELISA检测上清TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-10细胞因子水平。
结果
2
GA对BCG的MIC为1 250 μmol/L,可浓度依赖性抑制BCG增殖与侵袭(
P
<0.05);选择20、40、80 μmol/L的药物安全浓度开展细胞实验,GA预处理36 h可显著降低胞内BCG菌载量(
P
<0.05)。GA双向调控巨噬细胞凋亡,感染早期抑制凋亡、后期促进凋亡;感染早期诱导 M1极化,感染后期促进M2极化(
P
<0.05);同时降低胞内ROS与NO水平,下调促炎因子分泌、上调抗炎因子IL-10分泌(
P
<0.05)。
结论
2
GA体外可抑制BCG增殖侵袭;并通过双向调控巨噬细胞凋亡与极化、发挥抗氧化抗炎效应,改善宿主免疫微环境,具备宿主导向抗分枝杆菌的潜在价值。
Objective
2
To explore the host immunomodulatory effect and its molecular mechanism of gallic acid (GA) in
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
(BCG) infected macrophages, and to provide experimental evidence for host-directed anti-tuberculosis research against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Mtb).
Methods
2
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GA against BCG was determined by resazurin colorimetric assay. Bacterial growth-curve test and MTT colorimetric assay were used to evaluate the effects of GA on BCG proliferation and invasion. A BCG-infected RAW264.7 macrophage model was established, including infection control group (Ctrl), isoniazid (INH) group, and low-, medium- and high-dose GA groups. Flow cytometry combined with colony-plate counting was performed to detect intracellular BCG survival. Cell apoptosis was measured by Annexin V-APC/7-AAD double staining, and qRT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes
Caspase-3
and
Bcl-2
. Macrophage polarization phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using DHE fluorescent probe. The Griess assay was applied to determine supernatant nitric oxide (NO) concentration. ELISA was used to detect the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 in cell culture supernatant.
Results
2
The MIC of GA against BCG was 1 250 μmol/L. GA inhibited BCG proliferation and invasion in a concentration-dependent manner (
P
<0.05). Safe concentrations of 20, 40 and 80 μmol/L were selected for subsequent cellular experiments. Thirty-six-hour GA pretreatment markedly reduced the intracellular BCG bacterial load (
P
<0.05). GA exerted bidirectional reg
ulation on macrophage apoptosis: it inhibited apoptosis at the early-stage infection and promoted apoptosis at the late-stage infection. GA induced M1-type polarization in early infection and facilitated M2-type polarization in late infection (
P
<0.05). Meanwhile, GA decreased intracellular ROS and NO levels, down-regulated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulated the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (
P
<0.05).
Conclusion
2
GA inhibits BCG proliferation and invasion in vitro. It remodels host immune microenvironment via bidirectional regulation of macrophage apoptosis and polarization as well as anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, showing potential value for host-directed anti-mycobacterial therapy.
World Health Organization . Global tuberculosis report 2024 [EB/OL]. ( 2024-10-29 ) [ 2026-06-22 ]. https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024 https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024 .
Uplekar M , Weil D , Lonnroth K , et al . WHO's new end TB strategy [J]. Lancet , 2015 , 385 ( 9979 ): 1799 - 1801 .
王吉春 , 杨剑 , 张顺先 . 1990-2021年中国结核病流行情况及变化趋势分析 [J]. 疾病监测 , 2025 , 40 ( 3 ): 335 - 340 .
Wang JC , Yang J , Zhang SX . Epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis and incidence trend in China,1990-2021 [J]. Disease Surveillance , 2025 , 40 ( 3 ): 335 - 340 .
World Health Organization . Global tuberculosis report 2021 [EB/OL]. ( 2021‑10‑14 ) [ 2026‑06‑22 ]. https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2021 https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2021 .
Wulandari DA , Hartati YW , Ibrahim AU , et al . Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis [J]. Clin Chim Acta , 2024 , 559 : 119701 .
Alemu A , Bitew ZW , Worku T , et al . Predictors of mortality in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. PLoS One , 2021 , 16 ( 6 ): e253848 .
Pradipta IS , Forsman LD , Bruchfeld J , et al . Risk factors of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a global systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. J Infect , 2018 , 77 ( 6 ): 469 - 478 .
刘元元 , 苏航 , 王明航 . 耐药结核病流行及疫苗研究进展 [J]. 中国病原生物学杂志 , 2025 , 20 ( 2 ): 267 - 271 .
Liu YY , Su H , Wang MH . The prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis and research progress on vaccines [J]. J Pathogen Biol , 2025 , 20 ( 2 ): 267 - 271 .
Fitzpatrick C , Hui Z , Lixia W , et al . Cost-effectiveness of a comprehensive programme for drug-resistant tuberculosis in China [J]. Bull World Health Organ , 2015 , 93 ( 11 ): 775 - 784 .
Boland R , Heemskerk MT , Forn-Cuní G , et al . Repurposing Tamoxifen as potential host-directed therapeutic for tuberculosis [J]. mBio , 2023 , 14 ( 1 ): e302422 .
Almeida D , Ioerger T , Tyagi S , et al . Mutations in pepQ confer low-level resistance to bedaquiline and clofazimine in Mycobacterium tuberculosis [J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother , 2016 , 60 ( 8 ): 4590 - 4599 .
余海燕 , 杨国平 . 结核分枝杆菌ESX-5分泌系统的研究进展 [J]. 医学研究与战创伤救治 , 2023 , 36 ( 11 ): 1207 - 1211 .
Yu HY , Yang GP . Research progress on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESX-5 secretion system [J]. J Med Res Combat Trauma Care , 2023 , 36 ( 11 ): 1207 - 1211 .
Sheu K M , Hoffmann A . Functional hallmarks of healthy macrophage responses: their regulatory basis and disease relevance [J]. Annu Rev Immunol , 2022 , 40 : 295 - 321 .
Czimmerer Z , Nagy L . Epigenomic regulation of macrophage polarization: where do the nuclear receptors belong? [J]. Immunol Rev , 2023 , 317 ( 1 ): 152 - 165 .
Shi L , Jiang Q , Bushkin Y , et al . Biphasic dynamics of macrophage immunometabolism during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection [J]. mBio , 2019 , 10 ( 2 ): eo2550 - 18 .
Ravesloot-Chávez MM , Van Dis E , Stanley SA . The Innate Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection [J]. Annu Rev Immunol , 2021 , 39 : 611 - 637 .
Bo H , Moure UAE , Yang Y , et al . Mycobacterium tuberculosis-macrophage interaction: Molecular updates [J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol , 2023 , 13 : 1062963 .
Ge G , Jiang H , Xiong J , et al . Progress of the art of macrophage polarization and different subtypes in Mycobacterial infection [J]. Front Immunol , 2021 , 12 : 752657 .
Martins , Natália , Barros L , et al . In vivo antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds: facts and gaps [J]. Trends Food Sci Technol , 2016 , 48 : 1 - 12 .
Ashrafizadeh M , Zarrabi A , Mirzaei S , et al . Gallic acid for cancer therapy: molecular mechanisms and boosting efficacy by nanoscopical delivery [J]. Food Chem Toxicol , 2021 , 157 : 112576 .
Choińska R , Dąbrowska K , świsłocka R , et al . Antimicrobial properties of mandelic acid, gallic acid and their derivatives [J]. Mini Rev Med Chem , 2021 , 21 ( 17 ): 2544 - 2550 .
Silva BN , Cadavez V , Caleja C , et al . Chemical profiles and bioactivities of polyphenolic extracts of Lavandula stoechas L., Artemisia dracunculus L. and Ocimum basilicum L [J]. Food Chem , 2024 , 451 : 139308 .
宗玉英 , 欧阳嘉慧 , 陈超扬 , 等 . 常用中藏药体外抗结核分枝杆菌的筛选实验 [J]. 中国中药杂志 , 2008 , 33 ( 24 ): 2973 - 2980 .
Zong YY , OuYang JH , Chen CY , et al . In vitro screening of commonly used Chinese and Tibetan medicines for anti- Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity [J]. Chin J Chin Mater Medic , 2008 , 33 ( 24 ): 2973 - 2980 .
Adnan M , Ali S , Sheikh K , et al . Review on antibacterial activity of Himalayan medicinal plants traditionally used to treat pneumonia and tuberculosis [J]. J Pharm Pharmacol , 2019 , 71 ( 11 ): 1599 - 1625 .
Salih EYA , Julkunen-Tiitto R , Luukkanen O , et al . Hydrolyzable tannins (ellagitannins), flavonoids, pentacyclic triterpenes and their glycosides in antimycobacterial extracts of the ethnopharmacologically selected Sudanese medicinal plant combretum hartmannianum schweinf [J]. Biomed Pharmacother , 2021 , 144 : 112264 .
Singla E , Dharwal V , Naura AS . Gallic acid protects against the COPD-linked lung inflammation and emphysema in mice [J]. Inflamm Res , 2020 , 69 ( 4 ): 423 - 434 .
Yang J , Huang Z , Tan J , et al . Copper ion/gallic acid MOFs-laden adhesive pomelo peel sponge effectively treats biofilm-infected skin wounds and improves healing quality [J]. Bioact Mater , 2024 , 32 : 260 - 276 .
Deng B , Yang B , Chen J , et al . Gallic acid induces T-helper-1-like T(reg) cells and strengthens immune checkpoint blockade efficacy [J]. J Immunother Cancer , 2022 , 10 ( 7 ): e4037 .
Liu S , Li J , Feng L . Gallic acid regulates immune response in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis [J]. Immun Inflamm Dis , 2023 , 11 ( 2 ): e782 .
Cai Y , Jiang J , Yue C , et al . Gallic acid promotes macrophage phagosome acidification and phagolysosome formation by activating NLRP3/mTOR signaling pathway [J]. J Infect Chemother , 2024 , 30 ( 9 ): 867 - 875 .
Brosch R , Gordon SV , Garnier T , et al . Genome plasticity of BCG and impact on vaccine efficacy [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 2007 , 104 ( 13 ): 5596 - 5601 .
Chávez-Galán L , Vesin D , Martinvalet D , et al . Low dose BCG infection as a model for macrophage activation maintaining cell viability [J]. J Immunol Res , 2016 , 2016 : 4048235 .
陆宇 , 朱慧 . 抗结核药治疗药物监测临床应用专家共识 [J]. 中国防痨杂志 , 2021 , 43 ( 9 ): 867 - 873 .
Lu Y , Zhu H . Expert consensus on the therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-tuberculosis drugs [J]. Chin J Antitubercul , 2021 , 43 ( 9 ): 867 - 873 .
Anthwal D , Gupta RK , Bhalla M , et al . Direct detection of rifampin and isoniazid resistance in sputum samples from tuberculosis patients by high-resolution melt curve analysis [J]. J Clin Microbiol , 2017 , 55 ( 6 ): 1755 - 1766 .
Rankine-Wilson LI , Shapira T , Sao Emani C , et al . From infection niche to therapeutic target: the intracellular lifestyle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [J]. Microbiol , 2021 , 167 ( 4 ): 1041 .
Krishnan V , Nath S , Nair P , et al . Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its clever approaches to escape the deadly macrophage [J]. World J Microbiol Biotechnol , 2023 , 39 ( 11 ): 300 .
黄英俊 , 赵明 , 宗玉英 , 等 . 狭叶红景天的化学成分及其抑制结核分枝杆菌生长活性的研究 [J]. 中国中药杂志 , 2008 ( 13 ): 1561 - 1565 .
Huang YJ , Zhao M , Zong YY , et al . Chemical constituents of rhodiola kirilowii and their inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis [J]. Chin J Chin Mater Medic , 2008 ( 13 ): 1561 - 1565 .
赵奎君 , 刘锁兰 , 李洪敏 . 狼毒大戟中不同组分和成分抗结核杆菌作用的研究 [J]. 中国药师 , 2007 ( 11 ): 1063 - 1065 .
Zhao KJ , Liu SL , Li HM . Inhibiting effects of different extracts and constituents from euphorbia fischeriana on Tuberculous bacillus [J]. China Pharm , 2007 ( 11 ): 1063 - 1065 .
杨再昌 , 李锵 , 张健 , 等 . 独山瓜馥木提取物促休眠型结核杆菌复苏的活性研究 [J]. 天然产物研究与开发 , 2015 , 27 ( 7 ): 1219 - 1224 .
Yang ZC , Li Q , Zhang J , et al . Resuscitating activity of fissistigma cavaleriei extract on dormant Mycobacteria [J]. Nat Prod Res Dev , 2015 , 27 ( 7 ): 1219 - 1224 .
Tian Q , Wei S , Su H , et al . Bactericidal activity of gallic acid against multi-drug resistance Escherichia coli [J]. Microb Pathog , 2022 , 173 ( Pt A ): 105824 .
Kiran K , Patil K N . Gallic acid inhibits Staphylococcus aureus RecA protein functions: role in countering antibiotic resistance in bacteria [J]. J Appl Microbiol , 2024 , 135 ( 6 ): lxad227 .
Sang H , Jin H , Song P , et al . Gallic acid exerts antibiofilm activity by inhibiting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus adhesion [J]. Sci Rep , 2024 , 14 ( 1 ): 17220 .
Liu H , Zhang ZY , Liang SJ , et al . Transcriptome responses of hygromycin B resistance gene-transformed, hygromycin B-adaptive and wild nannochloropsis oceanica strains to hygromycin B [J]. J Ocean U China , 2020 , 19 ( 2 ): 453 - 458 .
Lam A , Prabhu R , Gross CM , et al . Role of apoptosis and autophagy in tuberculosis [J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol , 2017 , 313 ( 2 ): L218 - L229 .
Behar S M , Divangahi M , Remold HG . Evasion of innate immunity by Mycobacterium tuberculosis : is death an exit strategy? [J]. Nat Rev Microbiol , 2010 , 8 ( 9 ): 668 - 674 .
Ma F , Wang X , Qiu Z , et al . NK-derived exosome miR-1249-3p inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages by targeting SKOR1 [J]. Cytokine , 2024 , 175 : 156481 .
Lin S , Qin H , Li Z , et al . Gallic acid suppresses the progression of triple-negative breast cancer HCC1806 cells via modulating PI3K/AKT/EGFR and MAPK signaling pathways [J]. Front Pharmacol , 2022 , 13 : 1049117 .
Orecchioni M , Ghosheh Y , Pramod AB , et al . Macrophage polarization: different gene signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. classically and M2(LPS-) vs . alternatively activated macrophages [J]. Front Immunol , 2019 , 10 : 1084 .
Shapouri-Moghaddam A , Mohammadian S , Vazini H , et al . Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease [J]. J Cell Physiol , 2018 , 233 ( 9 ): 6425 - 6440 .
Cho H J , Lim Y , Kim J , et al . Different macrophage polarization between drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis [J]. BMC Infect Dis , 2020 , 20 ( 1 ): 81 .
Zhai W , Wu F , Zhang Y , et al . The immune escape mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [J]. Int J Mol Sci , 2019 , 20 ( 2 ): 340 .
Gu X , Zhu Y , Wang L . Gallic acid promotes polarization of M2 macrophages through p38MAPK/STAT6 signaling pathway in vitro [PP/OL]. Research Square ( 2022-11-19 ) [ 2026-06-22 ]. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1826444/v1 https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1826444/v1 .
Ahn C , Jung W , Park S , et al . Gallic acid-g-chitosan modulates inflammatory responses in lps-stimulated RAW264.7 cells via NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPK pathways [J]. Inflammation , 2016 , 39 ( 1 ): 366 - 374 .
Sharma N , Shariq M , Quadir N , et al . Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein PE6 (Rv0335c), a novel TLR4 agonist, evokes an inflammatory response and modulates the cell death pathways in macr ophages to enhance intracellular survival [J]. Front Immunol , 2021 , 12 : 696491 .
Poladian N , Orujyan D , Narinyan W , et al . Role of NF-κB during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection [J]. Int J Mol Sci , 2023 , 24 ( 2 ): m1772 .
Nouri A , Heibati F , Heidarian E . Gallic acid exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and nephroprotective effects against paraquat-induced renal injury in male rats [J]. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol , 2021 , 394 ( 1 ): m1 - 9 .
Bai J , Zhang Y , Tang C , et al . Gallic acid: pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases [J]. Biomed Pharmacother , 2021 , 133 : m110985 .
Zamudio-Cuevas Y , Andonegui-Elguera MA , Aparicio-Juárez A , et al . The enzymatic poly(gallic acid) reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro, a potential application in inflammatory diseases [J]. Inflammation , 2021 , 44 ( 1 ): 174 - 185 .
Goc A , Rath M , Niedzwiecki A . Inhibition of Borrelia burgdorferi -induced TLR2-NFκB canonical signaling by gallic acid through targeting the CD14+ adaptor protein and p65 molecule [J]. Int J Mol Sci , 2022 , 23 ( 19 ): 10987 .
Wang X , Zhao H , Ma C , et al . Gallic acid attenuates allergic airway inflammation via suppressed interleukin-33 and group 2 innate lymphoid cells in ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice [J]. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol , 2018 , 8 ( 11 ): 1284 - 1290 .
Sowndhar Rajan B , Manivasagam S , Dhanusu S , et al . Diet with high content of advanced glycation end products induces systemic inflammation and weight gain in experimental mice: protective role of curcumin and gallic acid [J]. Food Chem Toxicol , 2018 , 114 : 237 - 245 .
0
浏览量
0
下载量
0
CSCD
关联资源
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
京公网安备11010802024621
