西藏民族大学医学院高原低氧环境与生命健康实验室,陕西 咸阳 712082
彭元,第一作者,研究方向:高原病发病机制与干预研究,E-mail: 19861658972@163.com
收稿:2026-03-20,
修回:2026-04-29,
录用:2026-05-05,
纸质出版:2026-05-20
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彭元,朱敏侠.高原环境致肠道屏障损伤的研究进展[J].中山大学学报(医学科学版),2026,47(03):409-418.
PENG Yuan,ZHU Minxia.Research Progress on Intestinal Barrier Injury in High-altitude Environments[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences),2026,47(03):409-418.
彭元,朱敏侠.高原环境致肠道屏障损伤的研究进展[J].中山大学学报(医学科学版),2026,47(03):409-418. DOI: 10.11714/jsysu.med.YX20260047.
PENG Yuan,ZHU Minxia.Research Progress on Intestinal Barrier Injury in High-altitude Environments[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Medical Sciences),2026,47(03):409-418. DOI: 10.11714/jsysu.med.YX20260047.
肠道屏障的完整性是肠道发挥生理功能的基础,对维持机体营养吸收、抗原阻隔和免疫稳态至关重要。高原环境以低压低氧为核心特征,常叠加寒冷、强紫外线、运动负荷增加、脱水及饮食改变等复合应激,可导致肠道机械、化学、免疫及生物这4层屏障协同失衡,从而诱发局部乃至全身炎症反应。现有研究显示,高原相关肠道屏障损伤并非由单一通路驱动,而是缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)等低氧—炎症信号异常激活,Notch与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路异常增强协同导致杯状细胞减少与黏蛋白2(MUC2)分泌不足,辅助性T细胞17/调节性T细胞(Th17/Treg)失衡与NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体活化,以及肠道菌群失调与短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)保护作用减弱等多环节共同介导。本文系统梳理了高原环境致肠道屏障损伤的分子机制,并在此基础上提出“适应—失代偿”转化下的多机制协同模型,并结合急进高原场景,总结了改善肠道屏障损伤的相关干预策略的证据进展与局限性,以期为高原相关肠道损伤的预防与干预提供理论依据与实践参考。
The integrity of the intestinal barrier is the basis of physiological function of the intestine, which is essential for maintaining nutrient absorption, antigen exclusion, and immune homeostasis. High-altitude environments are characterized by hypobaric hypoxia and are often complicated by combined stresses such as cold, intense ultraviolet radiation, increased physical exertion, dehydration, and dietary changes. These factors may lead to synergistic dysfunction of the mechanical, chemical, immune, and biological barriers of the intestine, thereby inducing local or systemic inflammatory responses. Current evidence indicates that high-altitude-related intestinal barrier injury is not driven by a single pathway but is co-mediated by multiple factors: aberrant activation of hypoxia-inflammation signaling pathways, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB); synergistic enhancement of Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways leading to goblet cell reduction and insufficient mucin 2 (MUC2) secretion; imbalance of T helper 17/regulatory T cells (Th17/Treg) and activation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome; as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis and weakened protective effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This article systematically reviews the molecular mechanisms underlying high-altitude-induced intestinal barrier injury, and proposes a multi-mechanism synergistic model under the “adaptation-decompensation” framework on this basis. Combined with scenarios of acute high-altitude exposure, it summarizes the evidence progress and limitations of intervention strategies of ameliorating intestinal barrier injury, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for the prevention and intervention of high-altitude-related intestinal injury.
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